The zikuchokera zingaphatikizepo cheza ... The zikuchokera ndi makhalidwe a radiations nyukiliya

Nyukiliya cheza - mmodzi wa owopsa. zotsatira zake ndi osadalirika kwa munthuyo. Kodi zikutanthauzanji mfundo mpweya wa poizoni? Kodi zikutanthauzanji "lalikulu" kapena "zazing'ono" mpweya wa poizoni? Amene particles ndi mbali ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana cheza nyukiliya?

mpweya wa poizoni ndi chiyani?

The zikuchokera cheza ingakhale monga particles osiyanasiyana. Komabe, zonse zitatu cheza a gulu lomwelo - iwo amatchedwa ionizing. Kodi mawu amenewa amatanthauza chiyani? The mphamvu cheza ndi amazipanga mkulu - moti pamene cheza ikufika atomu ena, Kuchiswa ndi elekitironi ku kanjira kake. Ndiye atomu, amene wakhala chandamale cheza ndi wotembenuka kwa ion amene ndithu mlandu. N'chifukwa chake cheza atomiki otchedwa ionizing, chirichonse chimene chinali cha mtundu uliwonse. Mkulu ntchito ionizing cheza isiyana ndi zinyama zina, monga mayikirowevu kapena infuraredi.

Kodi ionized?

Kumvetsa zimene angakhudze cheza cha, m'pofunika tione mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo la ionization. Iwo atuluka motere. Maatomu ndi kuwonjezeka maonekedwe ngati mbewu yaing'ono poppy (atomiki phata) atazunguliridwa ndi m'mipita wa ma elekitironi ake ngati chigoba cha kuwira. Pamene nyukiliya kuwola zikachitika, ngale amachotsa pamenepa chidutswa zing'onozing'ono - Alpha kapena particles beta. Pamene umuna wa particles mlandu, ndi kusintha mlandu wa phata la, ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti latsopano mankhwala mankhwala aumbike.

The particles amapanga cheza zinthu motere. Inakhazikitsa kuchokera pakati tirigu mkokomo ndi liwiro yaikulu patsogolo. Pa njira zake zikhoza osaitanidwa mu chigoba cha atomu wina, ndipo monga kugogoda ndi elekitironi mwa izo. Monga tanenera kale, monga atomu nayenso mlandu ion. Komabe, mu nkhani iyi, thunthu akanali yemweyo chiwerengero cha mapulotoni mu phata la sichinasinthe.

Features ya nyukiliya ndondomeko kuwola

Kudziwa njira izi limachititsa kuti aone mmene kwambiri nyukiliya kuwonongeka. Khalidwe limeneli amayezedwa becquerels. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wachiwiri limodzi pali kuwola, iwo amati: "Zochita za isotope - 1 becquerel." Kamodzi malo wagawo pogwiritsa ntchito gulu lotchedwa curie. Zinali wofanana biliyoni 37 becquerels. Choncho ndikofunikira kuyerekeza ntchito yofanana mankhwala. Ntchito yeniyeni wagawo misa isotope imatchedwa ntchito yeniyeni. Khalidwe limeneli ndi inversely njila kwa hafu ya moyo wa isotope makamaka.

Mapangidwe a radiations nyukiliya. kochokera kwawo

Ionizing cheza angayambe osati nkhani ya kuvunda nyukiliya. Akutumikira monga gwero kuchipatala cha nyukiliya angathe: fission anachita (kupita mu kuphulika kapena mkati mwa riyakitala nyukiliya), kaphatikizidwe otchedwa mtima kuwala (amapezeka padziko dzuwa, ndi nyenyezi zina, ndipo mu bomba wa hydrogen), ndipo zosiyanasiyana accelerators tinthu. magwero onsewa cheza chinthu chimodzi chofanana - wamphamvu mphamvu mlingo.

Amene particles ndi gawo la cheza mtundu Alpha?

Kusiyanitsa mitundu itatu cheza ionizing - Alpha, beta ndi Popanga madzi a gamma - ali mu chikhalidwe chawo. Pamene radiations amenewa anatulukira, palibe amene ankadziwa kuti iwo akhoza kuimira. Choncho, Kungoti otchedwa zilembo Greek.

Monga dzina lake likunenera, alpha-ray anali anapeza poyamba. Iwo anali gawo la cheza kuchokera oipa a isotopes katundu monga ureniamu kapena thorium. chikhalidwe chawo anatsimikiza pa nthawi. Asayansi apeza kuti Alpha cheza ndi m'malo katundu. Mu mpweya, sangathe kugonjetsa masentimita ngakhale pang'ono. Anapeza kuti gawo cheza cha asalowe phata la atomu helium. Ndi ofanana ndi cheza Alpha.

gwero lake waukulu isotopes nyukiliya. M'mawu ena, ndi zabwino mlandu 'adzakhazikitsa "wa mapulotoni awiri ndi nambalayi wa neutrons. Pankhaniyi tinganene kuti zikuchokera chikuphatikizapo cheza-particles kapena particles Alpha. mapulotoni awiri ndi neutrons awiri kupanga helium phata, alpha-cheza khalidwe. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu anthu anachita zimenezi n'cholinga kulandira Rutherford, chinkhoswe akatembenuka mtima asafe mpweya ngale ya.

Beta dzuwa, anapeza ina, koma mochepa oopsa

Ndiye kunapezeka kuti zikuchokera cheza ingakhale monga osati phata la helium, koma ma elekitironi wamba. Izi ndi zoona kuchipatala beta - tichipeza ma elekitironi. Koma liwiro awo ali wamkulu kuposa mlingo wa poizoni Alpha. Mtundu wa poizoni ndipo ali ndi mlandu poyerekeza cheza Alpha. Kholo atomu particles beta "adzalandira" mtengo osiyana ndi liwiro osiyana.

Iwo akhoza kufika 100 zikwi. Km / gawo mpaka kuwala kumayendera. Koma panja cheza beta ankatha kwa mamita angapo. Ozama mphamvu ndi ochepa kwambiri. Beta-ray sungagonjetse pepala, nsalu, pepala woonda zitsulo. Iwo okha kulowa mu nkhani imeneyi. Komabe, kukhudzana mosadziteteza kungachititse kuti khungu kapena maso amayaka, monga momwe zilili ndi kunyezimira ultraviolet.

Moyipa mlandu particles beta amatchedwa ma elekitironi ndipo ndithu mlandu amatchedwa positrons. A ambiri cheza beta ndi choopsa kwambiri kwa anthu ndipo angathe kuyambitsa matenda poizoniyu. Zoopsa kwambiri akhoza kukhala ingestion wa radionuclides.

Popanga madzi a gamma cheza: zikuchokera ndi katundu

Zotsatirazi anapeza Popanga madzi a gamma cheza. Pankhaniyi, kunapezeka kuti gawo cheza ingakhale monga photons wa timaganiza makamaka. Popanga madzi a gamma cheza ngati ultraviolet, mafunde infuraredi wailesi. M'mawu ena, iwo umaimira cheza atomu, koma mphamvu ya photons ukubwera ali kwambiri.

Mtundu cheza ndi mphamvu kwambiri mkulu kudutsa kupyola obstructions iliyonse. The lolemererapo waima njira ya ionizing zinthu dzuwa, ndi bwino ungasunge oopsa Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira. Za ntchito imeneyi, nthawi zambiri osankhidwa kutsogolera kapena konkire. Mu panja Popanga madzi a gamma cheza mosavuta kudutsa mazana ndi zikwi makilomita. Ngati zingamvekere munthu, umawononga kwa khungu ndi ziwalo. Pa katundu cheza Popanga madzi a gamma angayerekezedwe ndi X-ray. Koma iwo amasiyana anachokera. Pambuyo X-ray okha zinthu yokumba.

cheza ndi zimene zoopsa kwambiri?

Anthu ambiri amene kale ena cheza ndi gawo cheza, tiri otsimikiza za kuopsa kwa Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira. Ndipotu, n'zosavuta kuthana makilomita ambiri kuwononga moyo ndi kuchititsa zoopsa cheza matenda. Ndi kuti adziteteze Popanga madzi a gamma cheza, nyukiliya amacheza ndi yaikulu makoma konkire. tating'ono ting'ono isotopes ndi akuziika ku muli zopangidwa patsogolo. Komabe, ngozi yaikulu kwa anthu kumwa mankhwala.

Mlingowu - izi ndi kuchuluka kuti nthawi masamu kutenga nkhani kulemera kwa thupi. Mwachitsanzo, kwa mlingo umodzi wodwala mankhwala Tiwatenga 2 mg. Wina, mlingo chomwecho zingakhudze chowawa. akuyerekeza olungama ndi mlingo wa poizoni. kuopsa kwake anatsimikiza odzipereka mlingo. Kuthandauza kwa izo, poyamba kuyeza kuchuluka cheza kuti wakhala chosakanikirana ndi thupi. Ndiyeno nambala iyi ndi poyerekeza ndi kulemera kwa thupi.

mlingo wa poizoni - muyezo za kuopsa kwake

losiyanasiyana poizoniyu ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zoipa moyo. Choncho n'zosatheka kusokoneza kuthekera ozama mitundu yosiyanasiyana cheza ndi zotsatira zawo zopweteka.. Mwachitsanzo, pamene munthu alibe njira kuchilango poizoni Alpha cheza ndi woopsa kwambiri Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira. Chifukwa tichipeza mtima wa hydrogen lolemera. A mtundu monga cheza Alpha ndi kusonyeza ngozi kokha pamene anaika mkati thupi. Ndiye pali kukhudzana mkati.

Choncho, gawo la cheza ingakhale monga mitundu itatu particles: ndi helium phata, ma elekitironi ochiritsira ndi photons wa timaganiza makamaka. Kuopsa kwa mtundu cheza anatsimikiza ndi mlingo wake. Magwero a kunyezimira izi zilibe kanthu. Pakuti zamoyo ndi alibiretu kusiyana komwe anakudzula cheza; chikhale X-ray makina, Dzuwa, mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera, nyukiliya spa kapena kuphulika. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri - mmene particles yambiri yoopsa anali odzipereka.

Kodi cheza nyukiliya?

Pamodzi ndi zachirengedwe maziko poizoni chitukuko anthu amakakamizidwa pakati chongopeka anapanga malo ambiri yoopsa ionizing cheza. Nthawi zambiri ndi zotsatira za ngozi. Mwachitsanzo, tsoka pa nyukiliya magetsi "Fukushima-1" mu September 2013 zinachititsa kuti kutayikira wa madzi nyukiliya. Motero, zili strontium ndi cesium isotopes chilengedwe wakula kwambiri.