Pamene Soviet Union anali woyamba kutsegula yapansi? History of okwerera sitima

Metro ali kale ankaona yodalirika mawonekedwe a mabasi ndi magalimoto. Sitima "mobisa" alibe kuima mu chotipinga, kanthu mwamsanga, akhoza kunyamula nambala yaikulu anthu. Chifukwa liwiro ndi predictability wa yapansi ndi otchuka pakati okhala m'mizinda ikuluikulu.

mbiri nkhani

Aliyense mzinda kuyambira pakati pa XIX atumwi, monga momwe ulemu kuti misewu kwambiri una wa chapansi kuchepetsa pansi magalimoto otaya. Apainiya mu nkhani yovuta imeneyi, London anayamba: ku likulu English anaonekera mobisa mu dziko loyamba, ndipo izo zinachitika mmbuyo mu 1862.

Special chitonthozo luso akhoza kudzitama: lotseguka ngolo pamwamba linalimbikitsa waphimbika mu utsi ndi mwaye lokutidwa ngalande (British ntchito sitima), kupanga zopusa ndi lero njira kutalika 3.6 Km - koma zinali yojambula kwambiri.

Magalimoto sachedwa chifukwa - si vuto latsopano

Moscow kumayambiriro kwa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi makumi awiri zaka zambiri, sangakhale kwambiri ngati mphatsoyo, koma Nkhata Bay mu izo zinali zabwino. Kumene, ngati iwo sanatenge gawo la chitsulo, ndi akavalo ambiri wamba, koma kudzikundikira katundu ndi zonyamula anthu oyendetsa zina magalimoto m'misewu kwathunthu.

Vuto bwino kukhwima ndi, anauziridwa ndi British, Ufumu wa Russia boma la Russia kuganizira pomanga yapansi kumbuyo mu 1890s wa - kale nthawi imene boma la Soviet Union anali woyamba kutsegula yapansi. chaka Kodi udzachitikira chochitika, ngati polojekiti anavomerezedwa mu 1901 (ndi zimene mawonekedwe angagule siteshoni), sitingathe kudziwa. Komabe, mbiri salola ndi maganizo subjunctive.

The ntchito yoyamba ya Moscow Metro

Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, ndi okonda atatu: P. Balinskii, E. Knorre ndi N. Karazin padera mu chisankho kusodza mavuto Moscow zoyendera wa phompho nthawi yawo, maluso awo ndi mitsempha. Kulimbana anali kulowa pa khwerero liri. Eni "sitima" mpikisano adawopa. City boma sanakhutire ndi ubwino a zachuma. Ngakhale atsogoleri achipembedzo anayamba kuchita, popanda limene muyeretsedwe kwathunthu; kuti overpass zopweteka ena za ukulu wa mipingo Moscow. Panalinso maganizo kuti Metro zoipa (!) Pakuti m'mudzi.

Ngati si kwa inertia ndi dyera a boma, pa nkhani yoti, pamene boma la Soviet Union anali woyamba kutsegula yapansi, imene mzinda ndi chaka sizikanakhala zomveka, chifukwa mtengo wa nyumba ndikanakhala wa dziko ndi zosiyana. Koma izo zinachitika mosiyana. Balinsky wanzeru ntchito anakanidwa ndi kukhazikitsa watsopano otukuka Knorre mu 1912, chinalepheretsa mliri wa First World nkhondo ndi zochitika wotchuka chosintha. Yapansi yomanga anali kulephereka kwa nthawi yosatha: m'nthawi ya chipwirikiti chachikulu zochuluka m'tawuni.

Ntchito boma latsopanolo

Vuto la mayendedwe ku likulu la Soviet Union wamng'ono anali akuluakulu watsopano. Poyamba, utsogoleri akuoneka akadali ofuna ena Musanyengedwe kuti popanda yapansi mungathe kuchita: mwachangu kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha trams, mabasi ndi trolleybuses. Koma mwa 30s oyambirira zinaonekeratu kuti nthaka mayendedwe kuthetsa kwathunthu vuto la sangathe.

Monga tinkachita ena ambiri, mfundo lofunika chinali chifuniro zandale: zochita za Plenum m'Komiti ya chapakati mu July 1931, analamula kuti tiyambe kumanga yapansi - ndipo anasankha ake zikuluzikulu mpaka nthawi imene boma la Soviet Union anali woyamba kutsegula yapansi, panatenga zaka zinayi zokha.

Hammer yomanga

Mu September, 31 TH bungwe Metrostroy, dera la mizere 10 (80 kuchokera okwana) wobvomerezedwayo mwa March 33rd, ndi pakati m'dzinja 1934 ndi "Komsomolskaya" kuti "Sokolniki" ali cruised mayesero, "kuswa mu" sitima ongokhala ngolo ziwiri .

Ngati kukwaniritsidwa kwa lingaliro ambiri ankafunika pafupifupi dongosolo zaka zisanu, pantchito yomanga, kuyambira ovomerezeka ntchito ndi tsiku, pamene boma la Soviet Union anali woyamba kutsegula yapansi - chaka ndi theka. Zikuonekeratu kuti zinali kusunthira ntchito inapita mayendedwe: ku Soviet Union, pafupifupi onse anali ndi mthunzi sikunachitekepo feat. Koma omanga ngongole - palibe angatsutse, ndi Muscovites kuthokoza osatha chifukwa zokwaniritsazi.

Woyamba okwerera sitima siteshoni akuyerekeza akutsutsana kukongola atsopano ndiponso kuukonza, amene ankaona superfluous ano mapulani. m'badwo wathu wanzeru tikunena magwiridwe ndi dzuwa. Ndiyeno, pamene chiwerengero cha okwerera ananyamuka zapitazi zana, salinso amenewa chinthu chidwi zokongoletsa, kukachitika kuti pali makumi awiri okha. Mu 30s zinali onse atsopano, komanso maganizo zimene zinachitika zinali zosiyana.

Kukongola ndi magwiridwe

Mapulani 'Metrostroi "anakumbukira kuti basi chaka pamaso pa nthawi imene Soviet Union anali yapansi woyamba adamtsegulira, anaitana ndipo anati kuti malo muyenera kuchita ntchito kwa masiku 25. zofunika zokha zimene zikugwirizana ndi chifukwa - iwo kukhala "wokongola".

Ubwino wake, amisiri kunena kuti ntchito iwo zakonzeka pa nthawi ndi "wolemekezeka", ati njirazo payekha, zopeka ndi chikondi. Ndi nthawi Soviet Union anali yapansi choyamba chinamasulidwa mu likulu anali okonzeka okwerera 13. Ndi oseketsa kuti Kaganovich akufuna m'malo leatherette pa chenicheni mipando chikopa, kotsatira moyo wautali ake. chuma Modern kuchokera chisankho angamakhale dotoro.

Mphatso zabwino Muscovites

February 4, 1934 Metro sitima anadutsa mzere kuchokera pa chiyambi mpaka pa mapeto, ndi 6, eyiti sitima ya Moscow yapansi anatenga okwera choyamba - Nthumwi za VII Congress.

Poyamba, yapansi panthaka chikanapitirizidwira 11,5 okha kukafika - kuchokera "Sokolniki" kuti "Park ya Culture", ndi nthambi "Smolenskaya" (kenako - Arbatskaya mzere). Zotumikira m'basimo panali okwerera 13 sitima 14. Lero anthu likulu, zimenezi "mobisa" anachita chidwi, koma pa nthawi imene boma la Soviet Union anali yapansi woyamba anatsegula, kuti amaona mu Moscow monga chozizwitsa chenicheni. Pa tsiku kutsegula, May 15, 1935, ku machitidwe a mtundu ndigwira osadziwika zoyendera ankafuna 370 zikwi. Man.

N'zoona kuti popanda mtengo Comrade Stalin. Masiku amenewo, popanda iye paliponse yoperekera - nazonso ndi tsiku pamene Soviet Union anali woyamba kutsegula yapansi. sitima anali chokongoletsedwa ndi zithunzi za mtsogoleri ndi chilungamo cha zili zogwirizana :. "Chifukwa cha Stalin kwambiri amasamalidwa makolo a ogwira ntchito Moscow"

Dzulo ndi lero

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti m'lingaliro, "tate wa mitundu yonse" kwenikweni wapulumutsa nyumba chidwi, popeza atonga kusiya Moscow mu 1941 pamene dziko la Germany m'mudzi pa mtunda yovuta. Pa 15 October chaka chino - tsiku okha mbiri pamene zitseko sali kutsegulidwa mobisa okwana ake. Onse mipherezero njira (ndi yapansi komanso) anali ncho ndi okonzekera chiwonongeko. Mwamwayi, izi sizinachitike: kuti isachitike. Pa nthawi ya nkhondoyo, iyo inasonyeza bomba pogona mobisa, kupulumutsa, ndi ngakhale kupereka moyo: 1941 anabereka ana 217.

Chofukizira za tikiti woyamba wakhala ntchito zonse, katswiri wa fakitale "Red Proletarian" P.Latyshev. N'zokayikitsa kuti tsiku lina mu May, pamene boma la Soviet Union anali yapansi woyamba anatsegula, aliyense akanakhoza kulingalira chomwe ntchito yaikulu zotsatira za GGI. Masiku ano, mzere kutalika 327,5 makilomita 196 kulumikiza malo, ndipo pa tsiku magalimoto zonyamula Moscow Metro ndi ngwazi dziko.