Thovu kutsogolo: kufotokoza, gulu, unsembe

Tariffs nyumba Kutentha nthawi zonse kukula ndi nkhani imeneyi, anthu anayamba kuganiza za mwayi mphamvu yopulumutsa. Ambiri amalimata nyumba yawo ndi m'nyumba. Ntchito imeneyi kutsogolo thovu, lomwe ndi chimodzi cha zabwino kwa ntchito imeneyi. Nkhanizi amatchedwanso polystyrene thovu. kupanga ndondomeko ake anayamba mu 1928, koma mu kuŵeta mankhwala anapita mu 1937. Ndipo zinthu zina zokhudza ogwira kutchinjiriza zakuthupi?

Mbiri ya thovu anatulukira ndi

Mu 1839, a German mankhwala oyenerera m'kati kwambiri ndi zonunkhira, mosintha analandira styrene. Kenako kuphunzira anapeza chinthu, Edward Simon anaona kuti wochuluka mankhwala patapita kanthawi paokha munasindikizidwa ndi inasanduka chinachake monga odzola a. Aliyense phindu lenileni la pharmacist mu kutsegula ataona. thunthu anadziwika monga okusayidi styrene, ndipo iwo anali Sankakamba.

Kuti uyu anali kumbuyo mu 1845. Styrene chidwi akatswiri Blyth ndi Hoffman.

Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri ochokera Germany ndi England anakhala a zatsopano awo ndi kafukufuku ndi ndondomeko anapeza kuti styrene ali n'kukhala odzola popanda oxygen. Blyth ndi Von HOFFMANN amanenela metastirolom. Ndiyeno zaka 21 pambuyo pake, akusindikiza ndondomeko amatchedwa "polymerization".

Mu 20 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, German akatswiri Hermann Staudinger anapanga anapeza zofunika. Pa Kutentha styrene zimayambitsa unyolo anachita imene unyolo macromolecular anapanga. kupezeka kenako ntchito kupanga ma polima zosiyanasiyana ndi mapulasitiki.

Thovu mafakitale yopanga

Origin styrene kaphatikizidwe ndondomeko anachita ndi akatswiri ofufuza The Dow Chemical Company. kupanga malonda polystyrene anayamba ndi Basf. Mu akatswiri 30 zinayambitsa ndi kukhazikika ulimi wa sayansi polymerized styrene. Mu 1949 anapatsidwa setifiketi kupanga pellets, foamed ndi pentane. Ndiye, pa maziko a inayake kupanga malonda zakuthupi ngati polystyrene thovu wapakamwa.

Kodi icho?

zipangizo zopangira ntchito mikanda ya polystyrene. Kulenga maselo ntchito reagents wapadera kuti foamed zakuthupi.

Mu gawo loyamba la granules kupanga anazitsanulira mwa hopper, kumene chisanadze kukula. The granules kukhala ozungulira mawonekedwe. Kuti mupeze wogwira mtima kutentha chimateteza zakuthupi ndi osalimba otsika, ndondomeko akubwerezedwa kangapo.

Nthawi iliyonse mipira akukhala zambiri. Pakati pa masitepe thobvu mikanda anaikidwa mu hopper wapadera, kumene maola 12-24 ziziyenda kuthamanga mkati granules ndi kuyanika amapezeka.

mankhwala ndiye anaikidwa akamaumba makina wapadera, kumene muulamuliro wa otaya mkulu kutentha nthunzi kwaiye. The granules ali mokwanira moperewera nkhungu, pa kutentha kukakamirana pamodzi pamene kusunga mawonekedwe ake pambuyo yozizira.

Midadada kuti ndi kukula kwambiri, kudula masaizi osiyanasiyana. Komabe, pamaso pa nkhaniyi ndi kuika mu yosungirako wapakatikati. Kupanga thovu wapakamwa ndi kupeza chinyezi, ndipo ngakhale kudula izo sizingagwire ntchito. Pali awiri otchuka luso kutchinjiriza. slurry izi, komanso kugawanika kulemera. M'mayiko CIS, Europe ndi America akwanitsa ntchito onse woyamba ndi njira yachiwiri.

gulu la kukodzedwa polystyrene

Lero, kutchinjiriza ino ya umisiri patsogolo kwambiri, amene amaloledwa bwino kwambiri katundu zakuthupi. Choncho, lero, kutulutsa kukodzedwa polystyrene. thobvu ndondomeko ndi anayamba mwa hydrocarbon a. Zimakhala oyaka pa Kutentha, ndi polystyrene mikanda pathupi ndi limodzi.

thovu kutsogolo amadziŵika ndi luso kupanga ndi alinso ndi magulu. kutchinjiriza chimene umatulutsa sintering luso, mbale akamagwira thobvu la granules lapansi.

Komanso, nkhani zimasiyanasiyana kuti chizindikiro.

• PS - kuumbidwa thovu.
• JLS - bespressovy kuyimitsidwa.
• PSB-S - wozimitsa bespressovy kuyimitsidwa.
• Extruded polystyrene - EPS.

Mankhwala mtundu DPM ali yunifolomu dongosolo wandiweyani. Izi makhalidwe ndi anatsimikiza kuchuluka kwa ntchito. The mapanelo kwa wapakamwa wa sitampu zimenezi kachulukidwe la makilogalamu 50 / mamita ^3.

Chithovu extruded - ndi imodzi mwa zipangizo zabwino. Pa kupanga ndondomeko ntchito extrusion. EPS ndi mokwanira kugonjetsedwa mitundu yonse ya makhalidwe makina, ali mkulu mlingo wa kachulukidwe ndi ali kwambiri makhalidwe kusindikiza.

Ambiri, zotchipa komanso otchuka pakati ogula ankaona polystyrene PSB. Ambiri ntchito monga chotenthetsera a. Komabe, poyerekeza ndi zinthu extruded, ndi PSB kwambiri wotaya mphamvu.

Kusiyana makulidwe ndi osalimba

makhalidwe mphamvu zopulumutsa wogwidwa ndi zinthu, chifukwa otsika mlingo wochepa conduction. Ngati Tikayerekeza thovu kutsogolo ndi kupezeka ina pa kutchinjiriza yomanga msika, ndi mphamvu yopulumutsa thovu mphamvu adzakhala apamwamba kwambiri. Choncho, mwachitsanzo mbale makulidwe a mamilimita 12 Chofanana khoma makulidwe a njerwa 2.1M (kapena mtengo - 0,45 m).

NKHANI zopangidwa otchuka a thovu pulasitiki

Choncho, PSB-S-15 ali osalimba wa 10-11 makilogalamu / mamita ^3, PSB 25 - 15-16 makilogalamu / mamita ^3. Thovu PSB-25F kutsogolo kachulukidwe - 16-17 makilogalamu / mamita ^3. Kachulukidwe DPM C35 ndi 25-27 makilogalamu / mamita ^3, ndi PSB-C50 - 35-37 makilogalamu / mamita ^3.

kachulukidwe zokwanira wapakamwa kutchinjiriza

A njira wololera adzakhala kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu DPM 35 ndi osalimba wa makilogalamu 25 / mamita ^3. Mukhoza kusankha ndi chithunzi zikuluzikulu. Koma mu nkhani iyi, ndi katundu wa ofooka chimateteza. Ngati inu ntchito PSB-S-25, nkhaniyi si kuti chinthu chimodzimodzi kwa wapakamwa lapansi. Mu ndondomeko ya kumalizitsa ntchito ali ndi kuwonongeka mavuto onse a mbale.

chizindikiro mbale PSB 15 angathe kutumikira monga kutchinjiriza chotero sadzakhala ndi katundu kwambiri pa khoma nyumba. Komabe, thovu pafupifupi konse ntchito wapakamwa pa - vuto onse a mphamvu otsika.

mtundu Izi nthawi zambiri ntchito kutchinjiriza pafupi pomanga nyumbayo. Kungakhale mpanda wa verandas zosiyanasiyana kapena zipinda. Komanso, mtundu uwu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumalizitsa ntchito pa ngodya kapena mipata zenera.

A makulidwe zokwanira chithovu

Nthawi zambiri ntchito slabs ndi makulidwe a masentimita 5 mpaka 7. Kusamvana ndi abwino kwa nyumba zambiri. Mbale 150 mamilimita ntchito kumene zofunika mumakhala khoma zovuta. Mwachitsanzo, akhoza kwambiri zokula khoma.

Musagwiritse ntchito kwambiri mbale makulidwe. Izi angalenge mavuto ena, komanso ndalama wodzikweza. Nthawi zambiri ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito gulu, ndi osalimba 35 makilogalamu / mamita ³ pa makulidwe a masentimita 15, kuposa PSB-C-25 100 masentimita wakuda ndi osalimba wa makilogalamu 25 / mamita ^3.

Ngakhale pamakoma ndi thovu

Malinga ndi zomangira, umene nyumbayi inamangidwa, pali abwino kapena zosafunika kwa heaters awo. Choncho, kwa nyumba ya matabwa bwino ntchito ubweya mchere.

Koma simenti kapena njerwa nyumba zosavuta thovu. Extruded polystyrene asanayambe ntchito pochitika moto wamtundu uliwonse mankhwala, monga mwa mawonekedwe mwachizolowezi kwambiri, flammable kwambiri.

luso phiri

Today pali makampani ambiri amene mudameretsa kutchinjiriza yokha ndi zipangizo zonse zokhudzana ndi unsembe. Chabwino kutsimikiziridwa mankhwala Ceresit. Nkokoma kuti ntchito zonse zichitike ndi dzanja. ndondomeko ndi yokhudza zinthu zingapo.

maphunziro

Padziko lonse khoma ayenera kukhala okonzeka. Choncho, onse zinyalala chikutha zinthu aliyense yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda. pamwamba ndi kutsukidwa zonse n'chochepa. Monga siteji kukonzekera zikuphatikizapo kukonza zigwirizane ndi njerwa.

Ngati khoma simenti ndi losweka, iwo ayenera kukonzedwa. Onetsetsani kuti zilowerere kapu "Aquastop". Pakuti zotsatira pazipita, machitidwe lonse la ankachitira phunziroli malowedwe kwambiri.

unsembe wa mahang'ala

Khoma ayenera kukhala maximally mosabisa. Pankhaniyi adzakhala mwamphamvu ndipo adzatsekeredwa angagwirizanitse mapanelo kuti wapakamwa ndi kukonzekera mankhwala zina pamwamba. Khoma lonse kuwala kulemera zingwe wapadera kudziwa monyanyira kenako kuwachotsa.

mapanelo zomatira

Kwa mbale ntchito mu mulandu Ceresit zomatira ogwiritsa.

Koma n'zotheka ntchito zipangizo zina. Kumata ichi ndi chinthu chofunika. Unyinji ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito yomweyo pambuyo kukonzekera. Patatha ola limodzi, monga kumata Dries ndi si abwino ntchito. The osakaniza zomatira umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa malo lonse la pepala kapena pa malo asanu ndi kugawira zomatira m'dera pazipita.

Mapepala ntchito yabwino kusankha ndi pamwamba yovuta. Pankhani ya padziko yosalala (roughness) kukwaniritsa pamanja. Mu ndondomeko ya kum'mamatira pepala ndi limagwirizana pa mulingo uliwose.

The ndondomeko ya kuluka

The mapanelo mu mzera uliwonse ali movutikira. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale mizere kuyambira mapanelo kudula mu theka. Ngati mapepala a sizigwirizana ndi mzake ndi mawonekedwe mipata pakati pa mapepala a thovu udzathiridwa mu madzi mawonekedwe. Pamene thovu izi kutiletsa.

mawotchi unsembe

Kusiya gulu pa zomatira sangathe. Mabukuwa akhoza kuwomba kutali ndi mphepo yamphamvu. Zingakhale mtengo kwambiri ngati mmene thovu kutsogolo. Price malingana ndi Mlengi ndi makhalidwe akuyamba ku rubles 700 pa paketi, nadza kwa 6000 rubles. Aliyense pepala amamangiriridwa ntchito dowels. Pa chilichonse gulu ntchito anangula asanu. Titamaliza njira imeneyi, munthu aliyense wa dowels ayenera kuchizidwa ndi ulimbo.

zolimba ena anachita, komanso pulasitala. Pakuti fiberglass ntchito koyamba. Iwo ayenera mitundu iwiri - ntchito mwakhama ndi zofewa mauna. Zofewa amapita ngodya ndi okhwima ntchito makoma. Kenako, inu mukhoza mwina kugula kukongoletsa pulasitala wapakamwa thovu ndi zinthu zosiyana ❖ kuyanika.

Njira imeneyi ntchito kulikonse. Njira imeneyi ndi othandiza kwambiri kutchinjiriza ndi kumathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa ndalama mphamvu.