Nominalism nthanthi - izo ... nominalism ndi Kuzindikira nthanthi

Medieval nzeru, ndicho, mwana wake wokondedwa - scholasticism - ambiri kulingalira momwe umboni mkangano anthu atavala mikanjo momwe ziwanda zambiri kukwanira pa nsonga ya singano. Kudziwa zimenezi timapeza kuchokera Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Ndiye anaganiza kusonyeza nyengo kale kuunika wakuda kuposa kwenikweni anali. Koma zinali ndiye kuti anayambitsa zigawo zikuluzikulu za symposia ano sayansi ndi misonkhano, komanso zida lonse kulemba mfundozo ndi kafukufuku. A udindo wapadera ndi anachita mbiri ya ganizo mu nzeru za nominalism. mbali iyi inakhala maziko a maphunziro mtsogolo chikhalidwe ndi rationalism mu njira. Koma kuyesetsa kumvetsa nkhani imeneyi zosokoneza.

"Schola" - zikutanthauza chiyani?

Medieval nzeru kusanduka pa kukhazikitsidwa ubale ang'onoang'ono. Ngakhale pamene Carolingian Kubadwa Kwatsopano - kutanthauza kuti pa siteji m'banda - kale makhalidwe amene tikudziwa tsopano. Mpingo mu Europe Western nthawi kuti maziko a umodzi wa dziko la chikristu. Popeza dziko lonse la anthu akale anali achipembedzo, ndi mafunso nthanthi anafunsa ndipo analonjeza, ndi chilengedwe yoyenera. Ngati patristic kumbuyo mbalume maziko a Mpingo, ankaonetsetsa ndemanga ndi dongosolo anapezazo izi. Choncho anakhala chimake cha akale ganizo - chifukwa inachokera pa nzeru zazikulu. Dzina la kukuchititsa zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti poyamba pa zonse izo zachitika mu masukulu kumene kumakhala Amonke, ndipo kenako - pa yunivesite.

Mbali yaikulu ya scholasticism

Okwana pali nthawi zitatu za chitukuko cha malangizowo. Choyamba - ichi ndi oyambirira akale scholasticism, kuchokera mochedwa chakale nzeru zapamwamba Boethius kuti Fomy Akvinata. Kenako pakubwera nthawi yachiwiri. Pali advantageously monga Thomas yokha ndi otsatira ake. Pomaliza, mochedwa scholasticism wa chinayi kuti lakhumi zaka zambiri, limene kwakukulukulu unali mutu wa kanjedza Kutsutsa Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Chikhazikitso cha nzeru ankaonetsetsa ndi kukambirana pa nkhani zikuluzikulu za nthawi. Choyamba, ndi nzeru ndi Chikhulupiriro, ndiye - nzeru ndi chifuniro, umunthu komanso moyo, ndipo potsiriza, mkangano za universals. Apa pomaliza tiyima. Ndipotu, ndi mkangano wa Kuzindikira ndi nominalism.

Ndi chiyani icho?

Vuto la universals, amene ali imodzi mwa nkhani zikuluzikulu za zokambirana pa nthawi imene asayansi ambiri anaswa mkondo, ndi motere. Moyenera anali kumbali ya kuti mfundo onse, monga ine ndinaganiza yapamwamba mu Middle Ages Plato, alikodi. A nominalism nthanthi - ichi ndi chodabwitsa ufalikire mbiri ya ganizo. oimira ake ankakhulupirira kuti ambiri mfundo (konsekonse) - ziri chabe dzina la zinthu payekha, mayina awo (mu nomines Latin).

moyenera amadziwika

The kopanda kuli universals anali mmodzi wa yotentha mbiri ya nzeru akale. Choncho, ambiri mabwana pamaso pa chiyambi cha m'ma cinai anali moyenera. Zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, John Scott Erigena anaitanidwa kuphunzitsa kwa Mapu mu Karolingov lothandiza. Poti maganizo, pakati pa chipembedzo choona ndi chikhalidwe choona cha palibe kusiyana. Choncho, muyeso wa choonadi ndi m'maganizo. Koma zonse zikuoneka kuti ife kukhala zenizeni, zoona, mwauzimu. Pakuti moyenera woona English Bishopu wamkulu wa Anselm Kenterberiysky. Iye anavomereza kuti mtima wa chikhulupiriro pansipa, koma pamwamba chifuniro cha akamanena za - chinthu chachikulu, osati existential. Choncho, iye anakhulupirira malingaliro ambiri ndi zinthu zenizeni. Wabwino, iye anati, pali ntchito zabwino, choonadi - ndi mfundo zolondola, koma chilungamo - mosasamala kanthu za chigamulo cha khoti. Zinali zotsimikizika ndi Albertus Magnus (Boldshtedtsky). Iye ankakhulupirira kuti universals kulibe njira zitatu - mu malingaliro a Mulungu pa zinthu okha, ndipo pambuyo pawo. Komabe, vuto la nominalism ndi Kuzindikira, kapena kani, chiŵerengero mokomera zakale, zasintha m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu, ndicho kuyambira chiyambi cha phunziro la chilengedwe.

conciliators

Kodi kuchitira anthu a kachitidwe atsikana? Pamaso Aquinas nominalism nthanthi - ndi chinachake chonga chisokonezo ndi. Apa Mwachitsanzo, John Rostsellin. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti pali zinthu zina ndipo mfundo zokha - phokoso la mawu yonyenga. Koma iye ananena kuti maganizo kungachititse kunena kuti kulibe Mulungu, anakakamizika kusiya zikhulupiriro zawo. Kuyanjanitsa osamvana m'nthawi akhumi anayesa Per Abelyar. Iye analemba kuti zinthu kulibe, ndi wosatsutsika. Koma iwo amafanana ndi mzake. Izi kufanana - m'maganizo athu komanso mayina awo. Komano, Mulungu lili zithunzi za zinthu zimene iye akanati kulenga. Mkhalapakati anali ndi Foma Akvinat. Kwenikweni, ndizoonekeratu maganizo Alberta Velikogo, kumalimbikitsa chokha pang'ono njira zina. Zinthu alipodi mu malingaliro a Mulungu ndi maganizo a maina awo alipo kale lokha. Anthu okhawo mukhonza kupanga chibwana. Koma Mulungu akudziwa choonadi.

Nominalism Franciscans. Rodzher Bekon

Oxford School kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu mochedwa anakhala linga, kumene ulendo wopambana kwa Ulaya anapita akale nominalism. English Franciscans nthawizonse ndakhala ndiri nawo malo ofewa kwa kukuchititsa zimenezi aumunthu. Komanso, mwa iwo adayamba kukhala ndi sayansi ndi kuphunzira chikhalidwe. Choncho, iwo akhala otsutsa waukulu ngati realist ndi Agiriki scholasticism. Choncho, Rodzher Bekon sankadziwa mmene n'zotheka kuweruza za chinachake popanda kudziwa masamu. Ulamuliro, osati maganizo ofunda, osati kutchula Malemba, koma ndi kuyesera ndicho sayansi njira. zinthu zina bwino ndi truer kuposa mfundo iliyonse, ndi Zimene wapatali kuposa mfundo iliyonse.

Duns Scotus

Izi nzeru zapamwamba Oxford amatanthauza nominalists lochepa otsatira a Aristotle. Iyeyu anadzudzula Thomas Aquinas, kukangana kuti pali mtundu woyera - ndi Mulungu. Zina ayi. China chirichonse - ndi umodzi wa thupi ndi nkhani, moyo ngakhalenso angelo. Chifukwa chinthu chachikulu Mulungu - ndi chifuniro Chake, ndiye ngozi kutsogolera anthu. Nominalism ndi Kuzindikira pa nzeru za Scotus zatenga za malo omwewo. Kodi, choposa chifukwa onse. Mulungu, ngati ndikufuna, sibwenzi analenga dziko chotero, ndi makhalidwe osiyana kwambiri. Choncho, chilengedwe akhoza unalipo mu zinthu, monga maziko a kufanana awo. Kudzera zinthu payekha, ife tikhoza kudziwa zomwenso awo. Mulungu palibe malingaliro universals - sakhoza pa mphindi iliyonse kusintha chilichonse monga iye akufuna.

Occam ndi lumo wake

Koma mwina wotchuka kwambiri ndi nominalist Uilyam Okkam - anayambitsa galasi lokulitsira ndi malamulo a refraction kuwala. Mulungu sangakhoze zidziwike - aliko zitha kukhala nkhani ya chikhulupiriro. N'chimodzimodzinso universals. Nkhani ya kudziwa zinthu chinthu chenicheni, ndipo njira - zinachitikira. Nominalism nthanthi - ichi ndi chokhacho zolondola malangizo ena "mabungwe chulukanani popanda kufunikira." Izi ndi mfundo za wotchuka "lumo Occam a". maganizo amenewa akugwirizira nominalist ngakhale kwambiri. Kuuza malingaliro Scotus, Ockham anakhulupirira Mulungu "despotism malire." Mlengi sikutanthauza essences ndi universals - Iye angalenge khalidwe ndiponso popanda iwo. Choncho malingaliro ambiri unalipo mu malingaliro athu - Mulungu analenga popanda malingaliro, ndipo Iye safunikira ndodo. Universals ya ubongo wa munthu amalenga kwa ubwino wathu. Mulungu analenga yekha chizolowezi cha malingaliro a munthu - kupita ku makamaka kwa ambiri. Choncho universals ndi zizindikiro chabe ndi mawu. Ndi mfundo imeneyi, kenako anakhala ambiri amavomereza.