Thupi - chida cha zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu

Thupi - chida choimbira, wotchedwa "mfumu ya nyimbo." Kukula kwa phokoso ake yafotokozedwera zimakhudza mtima womvera, amene alibe wolingana. Komanso, dziko lonse nyimbo chida - thupi ndi ili dongosolo langwiro kulamulira. wamtali ndi kutalika wofanana kukula kwa mpanda kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi mu chipinda chachikulu - mpingo kapena zoimbaimba holo.

ulamuliro gwero limaonetseratu angalenge nyimbo buku linafalitsidwa kwambiri amanena: tikamaganizira za Mulungu ndi chilengedwe ku woonda chinyezimiro bwino moyo wa munthu.

Chiwalo - nyimbo chida wapadera mu mbiri yake yaitali. msinkhu wake - 28. zaka. M'nkhani ina sikutheka kutsatira njira wamkulu wa chida mu luso. Tinali okha yochepa sewero la Genesis thupi ku akale zaka pamene ankalankhula maonekedwe ndi katundu, lomwe lero.

Mbiri kuloŵedwa thupi zilipo chida chitoliro Pan (dzina pambuyo mulungu Greek, amene analenga izo, monga tanenera linayamba). Zikamera wa panpipes analembedwa m'ma 7 BC, koma zaka zingati mwina zambiri.

Choncho ndi choimbira wopangidwa mwa vertically anapereka pafupi bango machubu a zotalika mosiyanasiyana. The kali mbali ali pafupi wina ndi mnzake, ndi ogwirizana kudutsa lamba zakuthupi wamphamvu kapena lath matabwa. Wojambula n'kuliza mpweya wochokera kumwamba kupyolera machubu dzenje ndi malipenga - lililonse pa msinkhu wake. Izi mmisiri masewera akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito masikono awiri kapena atatu imodzi wachotsa phokoso ndi kupeza imeneyi ziwiri mawu kapena luso linalake, trohgolosny poyambira.

Pan chitoliro akuimira chilakolako wosatha wa munthu Kutulukira, makamaka paluso, ndi chilakolako kusintha mphamvu limaonetseratu za nyimbo. Pamaso chida ichi Mesiya, pa kutaya kwa oimba oyambirira anali more wosazindikira kotenga chitoliro - mipope yosavuta ndi mabowo zala. maluso awo luso ang'onoang'ono. Pa kotenga chitoliro zosatheka munthawi yomweyo m'zigawo mawu awiri kapena kuposa.

Mokomera ndi changwiro choposa panpipes phokoso ati mfundo zotsatirazi. Njira kuwomba mpweya izo - contactless, mpweya ndege kudyetsa milomo chapatali kuti amalenga wapadera zina zotsatira chachinsinsi phokoso. precursors zonse thupi zinali zamkuwa, mwachitsanzo ntchito kulamulidwa kupuma anthu oti kulenga zithunzi luso. Kenako, zinthu izi - polyphony ndi ghostly zopeka "breathable" kamvekedwe - anali anatengera phokoso phale la limba. Iwo ndiwo maziko a luso lapadera cha phokoso - womverayo kulowa mu chizimbwizimbwi.

Maonekedwe a panpipes kuti Kutulukira unit lotsatira kalambulabwalo wakhala zaka zisanu. Panthawi imeneyi, akatswiri mkuwa musicianship anapeza njira kalekale kuwonjezera zochepa nthawi mpweya anthu.

Yatsopano chida mpweya okwanira ikuchitika ntchito bellows chikopa - ngati anthu ntchito ndi wosula jekeseni mpweya.

Panalinso mwayi basi kukhala thuu ndi trohgolosie. mawu amodzi kapena awiri - pansi - mosalekeza anakokera phokoso kutalika kwa amene sanasinthe. phokoso zimenezi zimatchedwa "Bourdon" kapena "fauxbourdon" yotengedwa popanda mawu mwachindunji ku bellows kudzera m'maenje yotseguka iwo ndipo anali pang'ono zochita. Kenako, iwo adzalandira dzina la "ngo imeneyi".

Mawu oyamba, chifukwa cha njira kale kuti kutseka zibowo osiyana "fleytoobraznoy" anaikapo mu mabotolo, muli ndi mwayi kusewera nyimbo zosiyanasiyana ndithu ndipo ngakhale virtuosic. The Ikani wojambula n'kuliza milomo mpweya. Mosiyana ndi nyimbo bourdon yotengedwa ndi kukhudzana. Choncho, panalibe zongoganiza zolengeza - izo anatenga Bourdon ankatumikira.

chida ichi amamuonera kutchuka kwambiri, makamaka luso wowerengeka, komanso mwa oyimba oyendayenda, ndipo ankatchedwa bagpipe. Ndiyamika chidali chifuniro chake cha thupi tsogolo zikumveka anapeza kuti akuchedwa pafupifupi zopanda malire. Pamene woimba mapampu bellows mpweya, phokoso si linasokonekera.

Choncho, zikuoneka zitatu za katundu anayi a phokoso tsogolo "mfumu ya zida": polyphony, lapadera lachinsinsi kamvekedwe ndi kusakwiya mtheradi.

Kuyambira 2 m'ma BC pali ziwembu kuti ayamba pafupi ndi chifaniziro cha thupi. Air jekeseni Greek zatsopano Kteseby amalenga actuator hayidiroliki (madzi mpope). Izi zimathandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu ya kulira ndi kupereka akutulukira colossus chida m'malo yaitali lipenga linawomba. Atamva limba hayidiroliki amakhala mokweza ndi lakuthwa. Woterowo katundu kulira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zithunzi misa (hippodrome kudumpha maseŵeralo mapulogalamu, chinsinsi) kwa Agiriki ndi Aroma. Mkubwela kwa Akhristu oyambirira wabwerera lingaliro la kukakamiza bellows mpweya: ". Uweme phokoso la" limagwirira analitu moyo ndi

Ndipotu, pa nthawi imeneyi akhoza ankaona kuti kupanga zinthu zofunika cha phokoso limba: polyphonic kapangidwe, mwamphamvu amakopa chidwi kamvekedwe, kusakwiya mphamvu kuposa kale lonse komanso chapadera, oyenera kukopa misa lalikulu la anthu.

Zotsatirazi 7 zaka zinali zoopsa thupi m'njira yakuti mwina nkhawa, kenako mwamphamvu "amaitcha" iwo ndipo anayamba mpingo. Thupi amayembekezeka kukhala chida maulaliki misa, monga izo mpaka lero. Chifukwa chaichi, kusinthika ake anasamukira njira ziwiri.

Choyamba. Miyeso thupi ndi lamayimbidwe chida mphamvu anafika mfundo zosaneneka. Malinga ndi kukula ndi chitukuko cha zomangamanga kachisi patsogolo mwamsanga mbali ya mapulani ndi nyimbo. Limba anayamba kumanga mpanda wa kachisi, ndi kubingula phokoso la subordinated kakasi mpingo.

Chiwerengero cha mipope limba, amene tsopano ali ndi mtengo ndi zitsulo, wafika zikwi zingapo. limba timbres wabweza lonse maganizo osiyanasiyana - maonekedwe a Mau a Mulungu ndi chete vumbulutso Pawokha achipembedzo.

Kutheka kwa phokoso, poyamba anapeza pa njira mbiri makhalidwe mpingo tsiku ndi tsiku. Polyphony akuluakulu kuloleza kunadetsa zovuta nyimbo zimasonyeza m'zigawozigawo mchitidwe yokhotakhota wauzimu. Akuchedwa ndi injectability kamvekedwe kumkuza mbali moyo kupuma limba anapita chenicheni cha phokoso ku zotichitikira appanages moyo wa munthu.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi thupi - yaikulu nyimbo chida cha mphamvu yokopa.

The malangizo wachiwiri chitukuko chida anatsatira njira ya kulimbikitsa maluso ake virtuosic.

Kulamulira masauzande nkhokwe ya mipope anafunika limagwirira wachibadidwe latsopano, zikuthandiza wojambula kuthana ndi chuma chopanda malire. History yokha adafotokoza njira yoyenera: panali keyboards. Lingaliro kiyibodi mgwirizano zonse zomveka mwangwiro ndinazolowera zosiyanasiyana chipangizo "nyimbo za Mfumu." Kuyambira thupi - keyboards-mkuwa.

Management wa chimphona limangoyang'ana kwa wapadera mphamvu ya kutali, kaphatikizidwe kwambiri mwayi clavier luso ndi zoyambitsidwa luso limba ambuye. Pamaso limba tsopano linaikidwa m'njira analowa - pamwamba pa ena - kuchokera keypads awiri mpaka asanu. Pansi pa pansi pa mapazi ake anali pedalboard lalikulu yopezera malankhulidwe otsika. Iye ankaimba pansi. Choncho, limba njira panafunika luso lalikulu. Mpando wojambula anali yaitali benchi, anapereka pamwamba pa ngo kiyibodi.

Union chitoliro anathamanga kulembetsa limagwirira. Padziko kiyibodi ndi odzipereka mabatani kapena amangomvera, aliyense amene anathamangitsidwa imodzi mwa makumi, mazanamazana ngakhalenso zikwizikwi a mipope. Limba kuti ndi zinthu kosangalatsa, iye anali mwamuna - zambiri wophunzira amene anayenera kumvetsa ndizosowa masewero pa limba.

Authority akuyamba kupambana ulendo chikhalidwe dziko. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 17 kufika pamwamba kochuruka kwa kulemera ndi nyimbo. Pambuyo zopitiriza luso limba ntchito za Johann Sebastian Bach, ukulu wa chida adakali chosaneneka lero. Today thupi - nyimbo chida mbiri posachedwapa.