Thymus (thymus). Thymus - dongosolo. Thymus - malo

Today ife angakuuzeni kuti kodi thymus (thymus). Komanso, mudzaphunzila mmene kusita thupi anati, zomwe zimagwira ntchito zimagwiridwa ndi kumene ali pamtunda.

mwachidule

Thymus (thymus) - thupi la anthu lymphopoiesis, komanso nyama zambiri. Zimachitika immunological "maphunziro", kusasitsa ndi zosiyanasiyana za T-maselo a chitetezo cha m'thupi.

maonekedwe Lolamulira

Thymus (thymus) - ndi wamfupi thupi ndi kugwirizana zofewa, ndi cheza chofiirira imvi mtundu ndi pamwamba lobed. Ana akhanda miyeso zake za 4 cm mulifupu, 5 - m'litali ndi 6 - mu makulidwe. Thymus ana kungakhale yolemera magalamu za 15-17.

Kutalika kwa thupi imafika ku chiyambi cha unamwali. Nthawi imeneyi miyeso yake kukwaniritsa mfundo zimenezi pazipita: mpaka masentimita 7.5 m'lifupi ndi 16 - m'litali. misa kungakhale magalamu 20-38.

Ndi m'badwo thymus (thymus) akhoza kukumana ndi manja, ndi ukalamba sasiyana ku mafuta ozungulira minofu. Mu zaka 75, misa ngati thupi ndi magalamu 6 okha. Komanso, wotaya mtundu. Ichi ndi chifukwa kuwonjezeka cholowa cha maselo mafuta ndi stroma. Choncho, thymus England umakhala wachikasu.

The England thymus: malo mwa thupi la munthu

The thymus ndi pamwamba pa chifuwa. Iye kubisala kumbuyo breastbone lapansi. Kutsogolo kwa thupi moyandikana thereto sternum kwa mlingo wa 4 costal chichereŵechereŵe, komanso chikopa. Kumbuyo kwake kukhudza dera chapamwamba pericardium, amene chimakwirira mbali yoyamba ya mtsempha wamagazi m'mapapo mwanga ndi msempha, kumanzere brachiocephalic Vienna ndi kung'ambika Chipilala. Mbali zonse pali mediastinal pleura.

Kapangidwe ka thupi

Tsopano inu mukudziwa chomwe thymus. Kapangidwe ka thupi ili, tilingalira tsopano. Mu anthu, imakhala 2-lobes, spliced wina ndi mzake kapena mosamala pafupi. The mmunsi mwa thymus ndi lonse, ndi pamwamba M'malo mwake, ndi yopapatiza. Mzati chapamwamba thupi zikufanana kwambiri ndi foloko ziwiri mano. Kwenikweni, choncho dzina.

Mwamtheradi thupi lonse ali ndi kapisozi wapadera, amene wapangidwa ndi minofu wandiweyani (connective). Achoke jumper ake mwakuya. Iwo kugawa thymus mu magawo.

Lymph, magazi okwanira ndi innervation

Yobweretsa mwazi wa limba lachokera ku nthambi thymic wa Chipilala kung'ambika, thoracic mtsempha wamagazi (mkati), ndi thunthu brachiocephalic ndi nthambi ya m'munsi ndi chapamwamba mitsempha chithokomiro. Pankhani outflow venous, izo ikuchitika mwa nthambi brachiocephalic ndi mkati mitsempha thoracic.

The lymph umayenda kutali thymus ndi lymph parasternal plexus tracheobronchial.

Innervated thymus (ntchito ya thupi ili adzakhala ankaimira hereinafter) kumanzere ndi nthambi lamanja la mphamvu vagus, ndi wachifundo, umene ndi ochokera ku stellate mfundo wachifundo ndi chapamwamba thoracic thunthu amene wapangidwa plexuses mitsempha ozungulira ziwiya chakudya m'thupi.

Kapangidwe ka minofu

Thymic stroma imakhala kwathunthu cha epithelium. Diverticula tinachokera kwa chachitatu gill Chipilala, kenako kumera mu mediastinum zapambuyo. Mu zina, stroma wa limba aumbike mwa nkhosi zina (kuchokera awiriawiri wa 4 wa arches branchial).

Lymphocytes zichokera kwa maselo hematopoietic tsinde kuti anasamukira ku limba chiwindi. Childs, izi zimachitika mu choyamba, trimester chachiwiri.

Mu malo oyamba mu thymus minofu ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo osiyana magazi. Ngakhale posachedwa ntchito yake yafupika mapangidwe T-lymphocytes. Monga tanena ndi thymus ali ndi dongosolo lobed. Mu zimakhala za lobes ubongo kusiyanitsa ndi kotekisi. Yotsirizira lili periphery ndi amaoneka ngati malo amdima. Komanso kotekisi pali capillaries magazi ndi arterioles.

Kuyenera makamaka ananena kuti mbali yogwira limapangidwa ndi maselo:

• hematopoietic lymphoid mzere (ie, okhwima T-lymphocytes);
• haematopoietic macrophage mndandanda (interdigitiruyuschie ndi dendritic maselo, ankaikira macrophages).

Komanso, kotekisi zikuphatikizapo maselo chiyambi zaminyewa, kuphatikizapo:

• stellate (thymus secrete sungunuka timadzi - thymosin, thymopoietin ndi zina malamulo kukula ndondomeko, zosiyanasiyana ndi kusasitsa maselo T, ndi ntchito ya maselo msinkhu wa chitetezo cha m'thupi).
• kuchirikiza maselo (chifukwa iwo aumbike "mafupa" minofu, ndipo inakhazikitsanso gematotimusny chotchinga);
• kletki "wantchito" ndi intussusception, kumene lymphocytes kukhala.

Mu thupi ili kapisozi amachuluka T lymphoblasts (fissile). More kwambiri inali kukhwima T lymphocytes, amene pang'onopang'ono amasamukira kwa thunthu ubongo. Tikumbukenso kuti kusasitsa awo limatenga 20 masiku. Mu nthawi iyi pali mapangidwe ndi rearrangement imene imachititsa kabisidwe T-selo cholandilira. Kenako kukumana kusankha (zabwino). M'mawu ena, mogwirizana ndi maselo zaminyewa kuyamba kusankha yekha "abwino" lymphocytes, co-maselo ndi TCR.

Chotsatira ndi kusankha lymphocytes negative. Akutsutsana kumalire ndi mchitidwe ubongo. maselo a chiyambi monocytic ayamba kusankha maselo amatha kucheza ndi antigens a thupi, ndipo kenako kuyamba aputosisi awo.

Tikumbukenso kuti medulla muli makamaka T-lymphocytes (yakucha). Ndi pano akuchoka m'magazi ndi kukhazikika mu thupi. Ma zikuchokera thunthu limaoneka stellate chothandiza maselo zaminyewa ndi macrophages. Komanso, pali corpuscles Hassall ndi efferent ziwiya lymphatic.

Thymus: ntchito

N'chifukwa chiyani tiyenera thupi ili ndi zimene ntchito izo anachita thupi? mahomoni Thymic monga timalin, thymosin, thymopoietin, thymic humoral chinthu, insulin ngati kukula chinthu-1 ndi polypeptides. Ngati munthu hypothymism udzachitika, ali chitetezo chokwanira chifukwa cha kufooka Amowabu kusiyiratu T-lymphocytes mu magazi.

Choncho, mukhoza bwinobwino kudziŵika kuti T-lymphocytes mu thymus ndi kupeza katundu amenewa amapezeka chitetezo maselo thupi mlendo (chifukwa kuvulala osiyanasiyana). Imfa oyambirira a ntchito yaikulu ya thymus England kungayambitse ntchito zosalongosoka a dongosolo anthu m'thupi.

maselo zaminyewa wa lobes thymus kutulutsa timadzi kuti nthawi yosintha lymphocytes mu anati limba. Nthawi zina, mu akula angakhale kusintha makamaka chitetezo chokwanira. Monga ulamuliro, ichi ndi chifukwa kusintha pathological mu thymus ndi ziwalo zina lymphoid. kupatuka tikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha imfa yadzidzidzi ya wodwala pa ochititsa dzanzi pa opaleshoni.

Akatswiri amanena kuti thymus ndi chiwalo chapakati dongosolo anthu m'thupi.

lamulo

Thymus mahomoni ndi katulutsidwe awo ndi Lamulo glucocorticoids, mwachitsanzo otchedwa mahomoni wa kotekisi adrenal. Komanso, ntchito ya thupi udindo interferon, lymphokines ndi interleukins, imatulutsidwa ndi maselo osiyanasiyana chitetezo cha m'thupi.

Zotheka matenda thymus

thupi ili likhoza kukhala pansi zolakwika monga:

• Di Dzhorzhi syndrome;
• Medac syndrome;
• myasthenia gravis (kusiyana ndi matenda wodziimira koma amaganizira thymoma).

Komanso, mu thupi zithunzi zofotokoza zikhoza zotupa monga:

• thymoma, thymic anapangidwa kuchokera selo zaminyewa;
• T-selo lymphoma, akutulukira kuchokera lymphocytes, ndi zofunika zawo;
• neuroendocrine zotupa;
• chisanadze T-lymphoblast zotupa nthawi zina ndi kutanthauzira makamaka thymus ndi amadziwika mawonekedwe a kusalola lalikulu mediastinum ndi, kenako yomweyo kusinthika mu khansa;
• osowa chotupa (mitsempha ndi chiyambi mtima).

Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti zotupa thymic akhoza kukhala chiwonetsero cha matenda a endocrine neoplasia mtundu 1.

Amene zolankhulirana kwa kafukufukuyu?

Ngati pali kukayikirana kuti zotupa pa zimachitika thymus, ndiye muyenera yomweyo pitani immunologist ndi oncologist. Kuchokera pa deta Kujambula, X-ray ndi CT jambulani a chifuwa, madokotala akhoza kuika mtima matenda lolondola ndi mankhwala mankhwala (ndiwofatsa kapena opaleshoni).