TV ndi lamulo pa iwo

Media monga ambiri amakhulupirira, ndi "chachinayi chuma". Choncho zotsatira za nyuzipepala, magazini, TV, wailesi ndi magwero Intaneti zimaonekera masiku ano. ali ndi udindo ndi ntchito atolankhani chiyani? Kodi lamulo malamulo atolankhani dera? Kodi zaluso tingayembekezere pankhaniyi?

Tanthawuzo la "atolankhani"

Malinga ndi kutanthauzira otchuka, TV - ndi mabungwe amene analenga youlutsirapo poyera anthu kapena gulu m'dera la nkhani zosiyanasiyana kudzera njira zosiyanasiyana sayansi. Media amakonda ndi chandamale omvera ndi thematic (m'makalata) kwambiri. Pali TV ndale, atolankhani ali ndi bizinesi lathu, asayansi, asangalatsi ndi zina zotero D..

njira zamakono mu funso, tsopano zambiri ogaŵikana kuchokera mzere (umatchedwanso "chikhalidwe") ndi Intaneti. Zoyambazo monga manyuzipepala kusindikiza magazini, wailesi ndi televizioni. Wachiwiri - anzawo kuti ntchito pa Internet mu mawonekedwe a nkhani pa intaneti, TV ndi wailesi online, komanso kanema ndi Audio tatifupi, kufalitsa monga kujambula ndi njira zina zili yobereka ntchito njira zamakono digito (ulaliki kung'anima, HTML5-script, ndi zina zotero. d.).

Zikamera wa media

Komabe, malinga ndi akatswiri ena, ofalitsa prototypes a kale m'masiku amenewo, pamene anthu silinatulukiridwe osati kuti wa osindikizira ndi zilembo, ndipo ngakhale chinenero zonse kunachitika. Rock zojambula akale, asayansi ena amakhulupirira, kale kuchita angapo ntchito ndi anthu amene amachita TV makono. Mwachitsanzo, njira imene wina woyendayendawu fuko ungadziwire (mwadala kapena mwangozi) kuti wina amene anabwera ku malo awo, kodi chuma alipo m'gawo - madzi, zomera, mchere, kupereka mwachidule mbali nyengo (mwachitsanzo, kudzatunga dzuwa ) kapena zinthu anasonyeza zovala zotentha mu manambalawo.

Komabe, "misa" media likupezeka, ndithudi, kokha pa mfundo anatulukira, ofalitsa, amatenga kuthekera luso magwero kugawanika mu ambiri a Mabaibulo. Ndi pambuyo Middle Ages - nthawi pamene nyuzipepala woyamba. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19-20th anali anatulukira telefoni, wanthambo, ndipo kenako - wailesi ndi TV. Pa nthawi imene gulu la mayiko olemera ayamba kuona kufunika chogwirika kulankhulana ndi ukoma wa njira zimene zimasonyeza mbali ya chitukuko zandale, mavuto ndi zachuma, kucha mu intensification kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa njira yatsopano msika. Government ndipo malonda akhala mwakhama ntchito luso lilipo kulankhula ndi anthu ammudzi. Zotsatira yatsala kuthi khalidwe misa, ndipo panali TV mu mawonekedwe zimene tikudziwa masiku ano.

TV muli ndi kufunika yaikulu, makamaka chilengedwe ndale. Iwo akhala limagwirira chifungulo cha mgwirizano pakati pa boma ndi anthu, komanso chida champhamvu zokambirana pakati pa mabungwe osiyanasiyana a ndale. Media anakhala gwero, ulamuliro umene kuti anaonetsetsa luso la magulu osiyanasiyana chidwi kulamulira maganizo a anthu pa sikelo ya anthu lonse kapena Mkhristu aliyense payekha. Panali mphamvu ya atolankhani.

Media amanenedwa ndi ntchito yeniyeni. Tiyeni tione iwo.

ntchito Media

Akatswiri atchula mfundo ntchito zofunika. Ndi kupereka dera kapena magulu akutiakuti, maonekedwe ake, ndi deta kunyezimiritsa mavuto panopa, zochitika, amaneneratu. Komanso, ntchito zambiri zimene tingasonyezere buku la zimenezi kapena zisudzo ndale kapena nzika za malonda mudziwe kuti auze osati anthu, komanso kanjedza zofunika kapena mabungwe msinkhu wawo. Izi tingasonyezere Mwachitsanzo, m'buku la kuyankhulana apadera, kumene nkhani wazamalonda za ubwino mpikisano wa kampaniyo - mauthenga amenewa akhoza kuchita masamu kuwerenga osati mochuluka kwa makasitomala chandamale, monga anthu amene tinganene kuti mpikisano kampani, kapena Mwachitsanzo, ndalama kuthekera . Mu mawonekedwe a ulaliki wa mudziwe angakhale osiyana. Mwa chinsinsi angathe kugawidwa mmagawo awiri - mu mawonekedwe a mfundo ndi mu mawonekedwe a maganizo (kapena moyenera ndi kusakaniza zitsanzo ziwirizi).

Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti atolankhani kuchita maphunziro (ndi ena yocheza pati) ntchito. Yankholo mu kulanda magulu chandamale cha anthu kapena magulu onse a chidziwitso, zomwe zimathandiza kuwonjezera mlingo nawo za anthu kapena njira zina kuti kumvetsa zimene zikuchitika zandale ndi chuma, mwa anthu. Komanso maphunziro ntchito ya TV n'kofunika ku mawonedwe kuti chandamale omvera amadziwa chinenero angathe kuwaŵerenga gwero amakhala nthawi zonse, chidwi kupeza zatsopano. Mphamvu ya TV pa mlingo wa maphunziro monga, ndithudi, si choncho chachikulu. nchito imeneyi, nayenso lakonzedwa kuthana ndi masukulu, mayunivesite ndi mabungwe ena maphunziro. Komabe, atolankhani akhoza zogwirizana azitha kudziwa kuti munthu ilandira sukulu.

Kucheza media ntchito kungakhale kuthandiza anthu kuloŵa zenizeni za chilengedwe chikhalidwe. media wofu- anthu malangizo kusankha mfundo zimene zimathandiza kuti anatengera athamangira njira yeniyeni komanso umoyo ndi zachuma ndale.

Amene amayang'anira ndani?

TV pankhani ankhanza demokalase komanso kuchita ntchito ya ulamuliro pa anthu kapena zinthu zina zochitika mu ndale ndi zachuma. Mu nkhani imeneyi, chimene akuchita, chinali cholinga kuti anthu yokha. Zimavuta ndi TV, anthu (monga ulamuliro, mu nkhope ya Anthu munthu, kuimira zofuna za magulu ena) amalenga kaonedwe koyenera ndi TV yokha kupanga izo pagulu. Mphamvu, nayenso, kapena nzika za ntchito chuma, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono, atsogoleri a zamalonda munthu Adzakakamizika kuyankha zopempha zogwirizana wa anthu, "lipoti" za malonjezano kwa kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu, kuthetsa mavuto mwamsanga. Nthawi zina, ntchito ulamuliro ndi wodzilemekeza otsutsa lapansi. Udindo wa atolankhani ku lingaliro limeneli sasintha - Chofunika, kusonyeza ndemanga zogwirizana ndi maganizo kuti ambiri. Ndiyeno, iwonso, wailesi zimene akuluakulu kapena mabizinesi.

Imodzi mwa ntchito yeniyeni TV - articulation. Ndi kuti athe mudziko lonse, kachiwiri, mu nkhope ya Anthu woimira zofuna munthu, kuti afotokoze maganizo awo pagulu, kulankhula kwa anthu ena. Ndi articulation ndi yolimbikitsa anansi komanso zimaonetseratu TV. Iwo kumapereka lingaliro la kukhalapo kwa njira imene olimbikitsa yemweyo amene amasonyeza zofuna munthu aphatikizidwa ndondomeko za chikhalidwe zandale kapena zachuma. Iwo sali oimira chabe maganizo a wina, komanso ziwerengero mofulumira mlingo wa boma kapena malonda.

TV ndi chilamulo

media Russian, monga TV m'mayiko ambiri mu dziko, ntchito mogwirizana ndi malamulo okhazikika malamulo. Kodi mtundu wa zochita normative malamulo ntchito atolankhani dera latsopano la Russia? Ndiwo malamulo, ife - Chilamulo "Pa m'zofalitsira" omwe adalowa mphamvu February 1992. Komabe, anavomerezedwa mu December 1991. Kuyambira pamenepo Soviet Union akalipo yokhala, thupi zimene anatengera mchitidwewo ankatchedwa Council Wamkulukulu wa Russia. Chizindikiro cha Pulezidenti wake wa RSFSR Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin. Isanafike kuchita mlanduwu imatengedwa lamulo Soviet "Pa Press", amene anadza mu mphamvu August 1990. Akatswiri kuona kuti magwero onse a chilamulo anayamba makamaka olemba chomwecho.

History atolankhani malamulo Russian

Kodi malamulo anali yoyamba awiri, amene ife Mudawatcha pamwamba? Azambiriyakale dziwani kuti malamulo oyendetsera ntchito za TV, kuchita pamaso pa October kuukira boma. Komabe, inathetsedwa pambuyo kusintha boma. Posachedwapa Komabe, panali lamulo pa atolankhani, yolembedwa ndi Bungwe la Commissars Anthu a mu October 1917. Ankati mwamsanga pamene dongosolo latsopano ndale mudzapeza bata, ena zimakhudza utsogoleri pa ntchito mabuku adzakhala mipingo. Iwo anali amaganiza kuti ndi ufulu wa kulankhula, okha miyeso zotheka wopalamula maulamuliro milandu. Komabe, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo, amene adzamange zinthu zimenezi, ndipo sanadye malo mpaka 1990.

Kufufuza ndi olengeza

The Bolsheviks, monga taonera ndi azambiriyakale, pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa akuluakulu ake anatseka manyuzipepala zingapo kupimidwa. ntchito za media Union osati motsatira lamulo lililonse ndipo anali, malinga ndi akatswiri, pansi pa akuyendetsa wa CPSU ndi Bungwe la nduna USSR. Mogwirizana kwa atolankhani ndi mphamvu mu USSR chinachitika mu mfundo unilaterally. Ntchito za a maulamuliro chapakati kapena anthu awo Kumvetsela ku nyumba pa mlingo wa mayiko Union ndi mabungwe awo constituent, monga olemba mbiri ndi chilamulo kunena, kutenga zochita zoyenera za mbali chifungulo cha mfundo nyuzipepala, kusankha nduna ofunika pa TV, pothetsa mavuto gulu. Nkhani yofanana zinachitika komanso m'munda wa wailesi ndi televizioni. Choncho, mu USSR mwalamulo opareshoni TV yekha boma kuthamanga.

Koma mu theka lachiwiri la 80s panali ponseponse ku dziko. Mchitidwe mwachindunji kusokonezedwa boma ntchito za atolankhani mwanjira osati limagwirizana ndi zenizeni akutulukira m'munda. De facto, wofalitsa anayamba yofunika yaikulu mu chitukuko umoyo ndale wa USSR. Koma de A jure iwo analephera. Ofalitsa akhala akuchita, monga taonera ndi akatswiri ena, kutaya phindu azipereke pa amathamanga yaikulu. Chifukwa, utsogoleri dziko waganiza kulemba lipoti lamulo TV yomwe kukhala mwalamulo wotetezedwa kufunika kuti atolankhani ndapeza m'nyengo ya glasnost. Kunali koyenera kuti alenge TV, dera, akuchita paokha ku mzere phwando.

Chotero, August 1, 1990 ku Soviet Union anatsegula mwayi woti kugwira ntchito atolankhani mu chimango cha anthu. Limagwirira yekha kuti akatswiri ambiri ankaona kuti Echo nthawi ya kufufuza, atolankhani wakhala kulembetsa kuvomerezedwa, litsatidwe mwambo ena. Monga Mwachitsanzo, mtima wa munthu kapena bungwe kukhazikitsa m'zofalitsira, - lamulo analamula kutero.

The watsopano TV chilamulo?

Yokhala anatengera mu USSR, mchitidwe malamulo malamulo ntchito za atolankhani, mu mphamvu mpaka tsopano. Mnthawi kuli lamulo kuchita zonse kusinthidwa nthawi. Lero, kutsutsana pa nkhani ngati kusintha mchitidwe malamulo kamodzinso, kulemba izi kapena kuti linalake, sindileka. Kumene, kuvomereza ichi mfundo za lamulo sukupita (Mulimonsemo, mfundo pagulu kudziwika kwa anthu onse, si). Komabe ntchito kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusinthidwa zimene zidzakhudza ntchito atolankhani ku Russia, ndithu kwambiri.

Anthu ambiri posachedwapa, amene anatengedwa ndi boma Duma, amene akubwerayo malamulo mu chidwi umwini pa TV kwa alendo. Kodi kwenikweni amatanthauza pano? Mpaka posachedwapa, katundu magawo ndi likulu ovomerezeka atolankhani Russian, alendo akanatha kupezeka mu kufanana kulikonse anakhumba (kupatulapo dera la wailesi ndi televizioni). Mu kugwa kwa 2014, boma Duma mu kuwerenga atatu anatengera kusinthidwa kwa lamulo media, amene kuyambira 2016, ndalama lachilendo ake oposa 20% ya Russian chuma TV.

Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa alendo

Ndi zotsatira za kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo lina latsopano akhoza kukumana, akatswiri amanena, osati limodzi TV kubwereketsa. Zitsanzo kwakukulu. A chiwerengero mkulu wa alendo chuma cha ofalitsa monga Sanoma Independent Media, Bauer, Hearst Shkulev ndi ena ambiri. Kuti circumvent malamulo, maloya ndikukhulupirira, ndi mabvuto. Malamulo anaika mu kuchitako, musalole alendo anali pamtengo mu chuma media mwa mkhalapakati wa unyolo mabungwe osiyana malamulo. Kodi zotsatirapo zotani?

Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti zotsatira za kulowa mu mphamvu ya kusinthidwa ndi chilakolako cha zopangidwa ena atolankhani kuti zithe ntchito la Russia. Makamaka chifukwa ofufuza amakhulupirira kuti eni TV sadzatha kuti amange mfundo mkonzi wa mtundu ankafuna. Pa nkhani imeneyi ya adziwe kalembedwe TV mtundu akhoza kutaya monga owerenga kusiya kugula mabuku zogwirizana ndi mwini adzavutika zomvetsa. Akatswiri ena, moyenera Lamulo likhoza kufunsidwa mogwirizana ndi chakuti yovuta kwambiri kwa wopanga malamulo dera TV danga Russia (ndale, anthu) amene amalamulidwa ndi alendo si kwambiri. Zambiri chikoka zakunja magazini "glossy", pafupifupi sikuthandiza kuti nkhani zokhudza mtundu.

Lamulo Olemba mabulogi

Pakati mundondomeko zina ncthito za wopanga malamulo Russian - kusinthidwa zokhudza ntchito ya Olemba mabulogi. Malinga ndi iwo, eni Internet makonde (kapena masamba pa Intaneti ndi ofanana ntchito zina pa Intaneti kwa iwo) mawu ena ukugwira kuti media ngati masamba lolingana omvetsera Ogwiritsa oposa 3 zikwi. Tsiku. Komabe, mu nkhani iyi, ndi kusinthidwa sizikutikhudza lamulo "Pa Misa Media" ndi zinthu zina malamulo zokhudza lamulo la sayansi zambiri.

Kodi mtundu udindo yeniyeni media, adzakhala ndi kutsatira Olemba mabulogi otchuka? Choyamba, ndi kupereka dzina lenileni, dzina loyamba ndi patronymic. Komanso Banda ayenera kusonyeza imelo adilesi, kuti kunali kotheka kuchititsa kukambirana mwalamulo kwambiri. Nawonso dzina ndi imelo Banda kapena ukonde kuchititsa WOPEREKA malo komwe polojekiti ili, ayenera kufika Roskomnadzor.

Blog si kufalitsa uthengawu ukhoza, ndi ukoma wa wokhutira ndi malangizo, mosiyana ndi malamulo a malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, inadmissible ndi zoona zokhudza mawu, zigamulo, ndi buku la kunyengerera munthu deta mawu oipa, zofuna za anthu ena.