Uilyam Shekspir: zaka za moyo, kanthawi yonena

Shakespeare ... Uilyam Shekspir! Amene sadziwa dzina kuti? Wolemba wina wamkulu ndi ndakatulo, matamandidwe a dziko la Britain, chuma cha dziko lonse. Ndi yemwe ali. ntchito zake zazikulu amasuliridwa m'zinenero zambiri za dziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo mu pulogalamu mokakamizidwa mu mabuku m'mayiko ambiri. Kodi uyu si kuulula?

Childhood.

Akukhulupirira kuti Shakespeare zaka za zinthu zosiyana mu mabuku ena amanena, anabadwa mu April 1564. Tsiku lenileni akadali Sizikudziwika kuti aliyense, popeza palibe umboni zopelekedwa anapezeka. Koma mu bukhu la mpingo lili tsiku la ubatizo wake - April 26.

Iye anabadwa pakati pa England, m'tauni ya Stratford-pa-Avon. Amadziwika kuti bambo ake Dzhon Shekspir, amene poyamba anali mmisiri (chinkhoswe mu magolovesi kuvala). Patapita kanthawi, anaikidwa alderman, kuti zoona, mutu wa msonkhano boma, ndipo anakhala mtsogoleri wa bungwe la mzinda.

John anali ndithu munthu wolemera umboni ndi chakuti iye nthawi zonse analipira ndalama yaikulu sanali kupezeka pa misonkhano ya mpingo. Panali mphekesera zoti Shakespeare Sr. chinsinsi Katolika.

Mayi wa Wolemba wina tsogolo Mary Arden anali ku lakale lolemekezeka Achisaxon mpikisano.

Uilyam Shekspir (zaka za moyo - 1564-1616) anali ndi abale asanu ndi alongo. Iye anali mwana wachitatu m'banja.

achinyamata

Popeza timva palibe sukulu ya Shakespeare anapulumuka ofufuza lolunjika pa mbiri wake ena Akamva zokhudza kuchokera ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi iwo, anaphunzira Shakespeare pa Stratford sukulu ya galamala, ndipo kenako ku sukulu ya Mfumu Edward chimodzi, kumene anaphunzitsidwa ndi ndakatulo za olemba wakale.

Shakespeare (zaka za moyo, onani. Pamwamba), anakwatiwa ali ndi zaka khumi. anasankha anali mwana wamkazi wa mwini malo ndi dzina la Anne, pambali pakati. Patangotha miyezi ingapo latsopanolo ukwati unali ndi mtsikana wina dzina lake Susan. Patapita zaka ziwiri, mapasa anabadwa - mwana wamwamuna ndi wamkazi Judith Hemnet.

Ed ntchito. Kukhala London

Kuyambira 1585 (akabereka), Shakespeare Palibe zambiri. Only mu 1592, njira wake unapezeka ku London, komwe anagwirako ntchito ndi mphamvu ndi zisudzo chachikulu. Motero, nthawi zisanu ndi ziwiri ali chabe mbisoweka ku yonena za Wolemba wina wamkulu. Palibe ofufuza ndi lolondola sungathe kunena zimene anachita Shakespeare zaka.

Pamene aliyense amadziwa, zimene atumwi anakhala Shakespeare kudabwa malo amenewa sikofunika.

Kuchokera mu zolemba zosiyanasiyana inali kudziŵika kuti London William Shakespeare anaika bwinobwino. Koma ndiye kachiwiri, si bwino, kuyambira pamene anayamba kulemba iwo, iye anali mu likulu, ndi chifukwa chake kuli pafupi bwalo lamasewera.

The gululo la "atumiki a Ambuye Chamberlain" anali ndi ufulu yaikulu siteji sewero la Shakespeare, chifukwa iye anali kumeneko monga wosewera, ndipo anadzakhala ake co-mwini. Posachedwapa, bungwe limeneli ed wakhala mmodzi wa anthu otchuka mu London.

Zaka moyo Shakespeare ankapita mwachizolowezi. M'chaka cha 1603, kampani wake unadziwika ngati "atumiki a mfumu," zomwe zinatanthauza kuzindikira komanso aluso mu amazikonda anthu otchuka.

zisudzo ed anali wopambana kwambiri, zomwe zinathandiza gululo kupeza nyumba zawo. The zisudzo latsopano dzina lake "Globe". Patapita zaka zingapo bwalo lamasewera inagulidwa ndi "Blekfrayer". Shakespeare unakula mofulumira wolemera, ndipo sankabisa viability ake. Kotero, iye ali ndi lachiwiri pa mayiko nyumba Stratford.

ntchito zolembalemba

Shakespeare, zaka za moyo kuyenda akupitirizabe, ndinayamba kuganizira za buku la mipukutu wake. Woyamba inafalitsidwa mu 1594. Koma ngakhale pambuyo zinadziwika mu mabwalo zolembalemba, kusewera mu zisudzo Wolemba wina ali sadaleka. Zinali mwana wake, iye sanasiye.

Nthawi yonse ntchito Shakespeare lagawidwa magawo anayi:

1. The woyambirira. Lidalembedwa mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano Comedy, mbiri, ndakatulo awiri, "tsoka chodabwitsa".
2. Chachiwiri. Panali sewero okhwima, yakale yoyendera chidutswa, sonnets, Mbiri mafotokozedwe kwambiri.
3. Chachitatu. Written tsoka wakale, tsoka lalikulu, zakuda tsoka.
4. Chachinayi. Shakespeare analenga sewero-nthano.

sewero

Shakespeare (zaka za moyo: 1564-1616) indisputably ankaona Wolemba wina wamkulu wa nthawi zonse. Ndipo palibe dzina zotero mu dziko amene akanakhoza kuyima pa maziko wofanana ndi dzina lake.

Kumayambiriro 1590 mu kachitidwe zolembalemba kunali zochitika za m'mbiri. Nthawiyi zikuphatikizapo kusewera "Richard III" ndi "Henry chimodzi."

N'zovuta kudziwa periodization wa chilengedwe cha ntchito yeniyeni, chifukwa si pachibwenzi ndi wolemba. Koma akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti m'nyengo yoyambirira ya zilandiridwenso ndi:

• "Awiri Njonda ya Verona."
• "Ankaweta wa Shrew."
• "Tito Andronik."
• "Comedy cha Zolakwa".

Komanso, nthawi oyambirira amakhala ntchito makamaka farcical ndipo nditaona. Mosiyana ndi gawo lachiwiri pomwe patsogolo ntchito chikondi. Mwachitsanzo, "Midsummer Night wa Dream," "The Malonda a Venice."

Ndi chidutswa chilichonse latsopano la zilembo Shakespeare kukhala zovuta ndiponso wosangalatsa kwambiri.

Pa nsonga ya zilandiridwenso wa Wolemba wina ali ndi kulemba mavuto. Zikuphatikizapo "Hamlet," "Othello," "Mfumu Lear."

Shakespeare m'nthawi wonse mwayi zilandiridwenso, mwiniwake wa malingaliro awo, kulemba zinthu zatsopano, nzeru. Mu masewero a nthawi yomalizira ya wolemba luso ndakatulo pachimake. N'chifukwa chake syllable masewero monga "Anthony ndipo Cleopatra," "Coriolanus" imatengedwa abwino.

Akatswiri ena amaganiza kuti chiwerengero cha masewero a Shakespeare zinalembedwa mu mgwirizano ndi wolemba wina. Nthawi imeneyo zinali mchitidwe zachilendo ndipo wamba.

"Romeo ndi Juliet"

Mwina izi ndi wotchuka kwambiri chikondi nkhani mu dziko. Panali ambiri chuma ed - musati kuwerenga, Chiwerengero cha zimasintha amadziwikanso kukwapula (fifite). Koma anadabwa ndi chakuti, ngakhale kuti ndimeyi pa zaka zambiri, nkhani ichi wokhudza moyo ndi kutichititsa kuonanso bwino akamanena za kukhala.

Chiwembu cha sewero ndithudi kwa anthu onse amene kuwerenga. kanthu akuyamba mu mzinda ku Italy Verona. Kodi atumwi anakhala Shakespeare, mu malo awa, ndipo zotchulidwa.

Montagues ndi Capulets - mabanja awiri, amene akumenyana kwa zaka zambiri ndipo mwina kale aiwala chifukwa udani wawo. Tsogolo disposes kotero kuti ana ndi atsogoleri a mu kugwa m'chikondi. Romeo ndi Juliet kusankha mobisa kukwatira. Koma mnyamatayo kutentha kwa nkhondo amapha m'bale wokondedwa ndi kuchotsedwa mumzindawu.

Akakumana mtsikana kupita kumwa bzakumwa, koma mmonke amapereka iye kum'soŵetsa mtendere kuti basi lulls ake. Banja laganiza kuti Juliet dziko lino, nawuyika m'manda.

Romeo zitanthauza kuti tipulumuke imfa ya wokondedwa, zakumwa poizoni, kudzuka, iye akuwona pa mapazi ake mtembo. Kenako akuona kutsatira mumaikonda ndi mpeni yekha.

Imfa ya ana kwachititsa kuti mapeto a chidani aliuma mabanja awiri.

"Hamlet"

Uilyam Shekspir wakhala mu moyo tsoka lalikulu - imfa ya mwana wake. Hemnet anamwalira ali ndi zaka khumi, mwina ku mliri wa makoswe.

Monga Wolemba wina ntchito ku London, iye sanali mlendo kawirikawiri mu kwawo ndi nthawi ya imfa ya mwana wake Womutsatira anali palibe. Shakespeare kwambiri adzazunzidwa ndi chochitika ichi.

Ndi ndi chochitika ofufuza kulenga asonyeza chilengedwe cha tsoka la Hamlet, zingwe kufanana awo maina.

Nkhaniyo, ndithudi, palibe kugwirizana sangathe inachokera. kanthu chikuchitika mu dziko la Denmark. Prince dzina lake Hamlet likukwaniritsa mzimu wa bambo ake atafa, mfumu. Iye akuuza mnyamata amene anaphedwa ndi mfumu pano, amalume Hamlet a - Claudius. Anapempha mzimu kubwezera anachita ndi izo.

Hamlet ali osokonezeka, iye sankakhoza kupanga chisankho. Kuteteza Iye amadzionetsa openga. Koma amalume ake si kophweka, sakhulupirira mu farce a mphwake. Mutu wa Claudius afuna kupha Hamlet anabadwa.

Pomaliza, Hamlet kumwa poizoni, mosadziwa. Koma asanafe, nthawi kubwezera bambo ake.

Ufumu akubwera Frontinbras wolamulira Norway.

Ndakatulo ndi sonnets

Kodi atumwi anakhala Shakespeare? Mu zaka ubale zachuma ndi inapita patsogolo chitukuko cha dziko. Izo zinachitika kuti England anathamanga waukulu malonda nyanja njirazo. Zotsatira zake n'zakuti mu 1593 dziko wakhala analanda mliri umene unatha zaka pafupifupi ziwiri.

Inde, zikatere sizinayende, palibe boma, kuphatikizapo Shakespeare Theatre. Wolemba wina wa anakakamizika kukhala pantchito. Iye kuwerenga kwambiri, ndipo anauziridwa ndi "Metamorphoses" wa Ovidi analemba ndakatulo awiri kumbali.

Wachitatu anali "A Dandaulo Wokonda" limene anali tinalisindikizanso kangapo pa moyo wake.

Koma koposa zonse Uilyam Shekspir amadziwika sonnets wake. Awo mu ndakatulo iyi - 154. Sonet akuimira vesi mizere khumi anatengera imene chotero nyimbo: abab cdcd efef gg.

sonnets mkombero ali conventionally m'magulu khumi thematic, kuphatikizapo:

• apadera ena;
• chisauko ndi mantha;
• chimwemwe ndi kukongola chikondi.

kalembedwe Shakespeare

Uilyam Shekspir zaka za moyo zimene zalembedwa mu kafukufukuyu, kwambiri osandulika mwa mawu a mabuku. Ntchito zake zoyamba zinalembedwa mu chinenero wamba, osati kuti aime pa khamu Wolemba wina Mahaki chomwecho. Kupewa chizolowezi mu ntchito za Shakespeare ndi yodzaza mafanizo awo kwenikweni kuphunzitsa ndi mnzake. Izi zinathandiza kuti iye kuulula zifanizo za otchuka.

Koma posakhalitsa, wolemba ndakatulo adza kwa kalembedwe ake miyambo, izo Amasintha kwa izo. Standard wobwezera ntchito za vesi akusowekapo (olembedwa pentameter iambic). Koma kusiyana ndi ubwino wake, poyerekeza ndi ntchito koyamba ndi yotsatira.

The peculiarity wa kalembedwe Shakespeare ndi kuti analemba ndi cholinga pa zisudzo. Mu ntchito zake mwaunyinji ntchito Enjambment, kamangidwe zachilendo ndi kutalika kwa ziganizo. Nthawi zina Wolemba wina Akuuza wowerenga kuganizira mapeto a mawu akuti, kulowetsa pali chete kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

kutsutsa

Shakespeare, zaka za moyo, yonena mwachidule zomwe zimadziwika ndi lipoti onse mabuku amene anali kusokoneza kwambiri otsatira ake pa ntchito ya wolemba.

Ngakhale izi, m'masiku ake sanali ankaona Wolemba wina wamkulu. Ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, ngakhale amawanena kuti mfundo yakuti iye anali kuphatikiza nkhani yomvetsa chisoni ndi azithunzithunzi ntchito zake.

Komabe, kale m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, mfundo zimenezi wawaiwala, zolembalemba, anayamba kuphunzira bwino ntchito yake. Ndipo posachedwa anali anafuulira ndi mfundo odziwika bwino tsopano kuti Shakespeare - wolemba ndakatulo dziko la England. Pambuyo pake, chidwi anatembenukira safanana Shakespeare.

M'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi zinali zodzaza ndi misa kutengerapo masewero Shakespeare m'zinenero zina. Kwenikweni, anali pachibwenzi Avgust Shlegel.

Komabe, otsutsa pano. Choncho, Bernard Shou ananena kuti Shakespeare poyerekeza Ibsen ndi achikale ndipo sakumvetsa mafano iyi.

Kupezeka kwa luso modabwitsa adakayika Shakespeare ndi Lev Tolstoy.

Koma chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri, kamodzinso injini iye stardom pamene Expressionists ndi Futurists anayamba kuika masewero ake, ndi ndakatulo TS Eliot ananena kuti Shakespeare masewero nthawi zonse kwa tsiku.

m'zaka zaposachedwapa

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wa Shakespeare zinachitika mu kwawo. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri anapita ku London bizinesi. A Wolemba wina wa mkulu wa kampani wake anakwanitsa John. Fletcher. Ofufuza ena, iyenso co-analemba masewero otsiriza.

Shakespeare moyo mu m'badwo pamene inu simungakhoze kuwona chimodzimodzi chimene chinachitika kwa munthu. Koma zikalata otsala kuona kuti cholembedwa linasinthidwa, zinadziwika chosadziwika mtima. Pamaziko a zimene olemba mbiri amaona kuti Uilyam Shekspir anali kudwala.

imfa

Shakespeare anamwalira pa April 23, 1616. Iwo ankaganiza kuti kubadwa kwake. Malinga ndi chifuniro, katundu wa Wolemba wina zinkapita aakazi ndi ana awo mwachindunji.

The mwachindunji mbeu otsiriza a ndakatulo iyi anali mdzukulu wake Elizabeti, amene anafa mu 1670.

Kodi Shakespeare anakhala zaka zomalizira za moyo wake, kugwira a ndakatulo iyi.