Olemba Silver Age. Mabuku a Silver Age mu Russia

Mabuku a Silver Age mu Russia, analenga kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19 ndi 20, ndi mbali yofunika ya cholowa luso la dziko lathu. Chifukwa nthawi imeneyi anali yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mumaganiza zosiyanasiyana mtima, maganizo kusatsatira chibadidwe osati zosiyanasiyana olemba, komanso ali ndi malo ngakhale ntchito za olemba munthu, analemba ndi ojambula zithunzi. Nthawi imeneyi, watsopano, rethinking osiyanasiyana ndipo Mitundu ya luso. Monga ananenera M. Nesterov, panali "kuunika mofatsa ambiri amakonda."

Ngakhale mwa anzeru kupata ndi kanjedza chikhalidwe anaona ubale ziwiri ku cholowa kulenga anatsala democrat chosintha.

makhalidwe otayirira

Art chikhalidwe ambiri ndi mabuku ya Silver Age mu Russia, makamaka kumapeto kwa zaka 19-20 sankawabisira makhalidwe otayirira ambiri (ndi "makhalidwe otayirira"), kulengeza chikhulupiriro chifukwa, imfa ya zolinga woganizirana, chisamaliro, zokumana payekha. Choncho, ena anzeru adafuna "kuthawa" kuchokera mavuto a moyo m'dziko la pake, maloto, ndi zina lachinsinsi. Zimenezi zinachitika kuti, chifukwa nthawi kuti panali mavuto mu moyo chikhalidwe ndi luso zilandiridwenso yekha khalidwelo.

Makhalidwe otayirira analanda ngakhale oimira zimathandizadi malangizo luso. Komabe, ambiri maganizo amenewa adakali khalidwe la oimira mumaganiza modernist.

Chimakono ndi Kuzindikira zaluso

Mawu akuti "chimakono" amatanthauza mitundu 20th luso atumwi. Iye anawonekera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma, ndi kuloŵedwa m'malo anali Kuzindikira. Komabe, otsiriza nthawi kuti sizinathe kuphwera zinthu zakale, chifukwa cha chikoka chimakono pali mbali iliyonse watsopano: adagawana "chimango" masomphenya a moyo, kufufuza anayamba njira munthu wa mawu a luso.

Mbali yofunika kwambiri pa luso m'zaka za m'ma 20 limakhala kaphatikizidwe, kaphatikizidwe zosiyanasiyana.

Zothandizira kutembenukira kwa zaka za m'ma

Back mu 90s wa mabuku Russian m'ma 19 anatuluka malangizo otsutsana ulamuliro pamene Kuzindikira. Chief mwa iwo anali chimakono. olemba ambiri a Silver Age (mndandanda wa malangizo awo ndi owayimilira waukulu tidzakambirana pansipa) mwanjira anachoka Kuzindikira lapansi. Iwo anapitiriza kulenga, kulenga mumaganiza latsopano ndi malangizo.

chimakono

Mabuku a Silver Age mu Russia akutsegula chimakono. Panali ophatikizidwa ndakatulo zosiyanasiyana ndi olemba, nthawi zina zosiyana kwambiri maonekedwe awo maganizo ndi luso. Pa nthawi imeneyo, anayamba yogwira modernist Pofunafuna, amene anali kudzoza amachititsa Friedrich Nietzsche, komanso ena olemba Russian, monga AA Kamensky, MP Artsybashev ndi ena. Iwo ankalengeza ufulu wa chilengedwe zolembalemba, anatchula okha monga ansembe ake, analalikira Kulambira "Chitsulo", kukana kwa zolinga chikhalidwe ndi makhalidwe abwino.

ophiphiritsa

Monga malangizo a ikuimira mu Russia inkayenda kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20. Kuonetsetsa "akulu" a Symbolists, monga Brusov, F. Sologub, Konstantin Balmont, Z. Gippius, ndipo ena amene anali woyamba kuchita mbali iyi. Chifukwa anthu ambiri junior monga olemba Silver M'badwo wa Andrei Bely, V. Ivanov, S. Soloviev, Blok, ndi ena. The ongolankhula, zokongoletsa ndi nzeru zaumunthu maziko gulu limeneli anali yosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, malinga V.Bryusov ophiphiritsa ndi mwangwiro zojambulajambula, ndi Merezhkovsky anatenga monga maziko a Chikhristu; Vyacheslav Ivanov chifukwa cha aesthetics ndi nzeru za masiku amakedzana kuti kumatula Nietzsche, ndipo A. White ankakonda ntchito za Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Kant, Solovyov. Pa maziko a malingaliro a "wamng'ono" symbolists ndi nzeru za Vladimir Soloviev ndi lingaliro la kudza kwa Wamuyaya zachikazi ndi Chipangano Chachitatu.

Symbolists anasiya zotsatira za onse ndakatulo ndi prose, ndipo sewero. Koma panali zambiri khalidwe la ndakatulo zosiyanasiyana Mitundu kuti ntchito ya olemba ambiri a Silver Age, ntchito umenewu.

VY Bruce

zilandiridwenso VY Bryusov (1873-1924 gg.) Katswiri zosiyanasiyana quests maganizo. The zochitika chosintha cha 1905 linachititsa kusirira ndipo chinali chiyambi cha kuchoka ku ophiphiritsa a ndakatulo iyi. Komabe, malangizo atsopano a Bruce anasankha yomweyo, komanso maganizo mphako kuti zisinthe, omwe anali zotsutsana kwambiri. Ndakatulo mosangalala analandira mphamvu zimene, m'malingaliro mwake, anali kutisambitsa Russia mfundo akale ndi zikhulupiriro ndi kutha kwa dziko lakale. Komabe, mu ntchito yake, anaona kuti mphamvu elemental awononge. "Kuthana - Ine ndidzakhala ndi inu kumanga - ayi!" - VJ analemba Bruce.

Chifukwa cha ntchito yake amakhala ndi kufunafuna kumvetsa sayansi moyo chidwi alikukonzeka watsopano mbiri, amene alinso ndi alembi ena a Silver Age (mndandanda wa oimira ophiphiritsa wakhala mwachindunji pamwamba).

Kuzindikira

Nazi zotsutsana khalidwe la chi wonse, zagwira ndi ena olemba realist. Mwachitsanzo, mu ntchito ya L. Andreev anasonyeza kuchoka ku mfundo m'chombocho.

Koma ndinganene Kuzindikira silinathe. Mabuku a ndakatulo Silver Age amene anatuluka Kuzindikira, chapangitsa malangizowo. Tsogolo la munthu wamba, mavuto osiyanasiyana chikhalidwe, moyo wa mtundu uliwonse ambiri umaonekera chikhalidwe. Imodzi mwa oimira chachikulu cha Kuzindikira pa nthawi anali wolemba Bunin (1870-1953 gg.). Mu lolimba chisanadze chosintha nthawi analenga nkhani "The Village" (1910) ndi "kuuma Valley" (1911).

Acmeism

Mu 1910, panali kusiyana maganizo kokhudza ikuimira, ndipo wakhala mavuto. Mu malo ya derali pang'ono ndi pang'ono kubwera Acmeism ( "Acme" mu Greek - mlingo wokweretsa, ndi nthawi pachimake). Anayambitsa atengera yatsopano ankaona kuti NS Gumilev ndi SM Gorodetsky. gulu ili m'gulu olemba Silver Age OE Mandelstam, MA Kuzmin, V. Khodasevich, AA Akhmatova, MA Zenkevich ndi ena.

Mosiyana ambiguity, ikuimira Nebula, acmeists ananena akuthandizani kuli lapansi, "zinthu bwino pa moyo." Komanso, Acmeist mabuku ya Silver Age (olemba ndakatulo ndi amene wangomaliza kutchulidwa) anabweretsa luso la ntchito zokongoletsa ndi wokonda zosangalatsa umene umaoneka, akuyesera kuti achoke ku mavuto ndakatulo. Mu Acmeism anamva bwino zolinga aipa ndi thandizo ongolankhula a azimuth uyu anali nzeru zaumunthu chabe. Ena olemba Russian ya Silver Age anapita pa ntchito yake, zomwe wakhala latsopano maganizo ndi luso khalidwe (mwachitsanzo, AA Akhmatova, MA Zenkevich SM Gorodetsky).

Mu 1912 iye anabadwa zosonkhanitsira "Hyperborean", imene mabuku atsopano pa nthawi yoyamba ananena yokha. Acmeists adadzikweza kuchiyang'anira ophiphiritsa zimene Gumilev anati "Kwatha bwalo lake chitukuko", ndipo analengeza kukana anapanduka, kulimbana kusintha moyo, amene amaonetsa mabuku ya Silver Age.

Writers - oimira acmeism anayesa kutsitsimutsa kulunjika, Kudziwa, kuyeretsa ndi zongoganiza. Koma zithunzi zawo ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi ziriri, Mawu a S. Gorodetsky, iwo ali ngati "... woyamba kubadwa" ndipo amaoneka ngati chinachake asanamuwonepo kale.

AA Akhmatova

Mu ntchito umenewu zikupereka wapadera malo AA Akhmatova. M'chigawo choyamba cha ndakatulo yake, "Madzulo" inatuluka mu 1912. Iwo amakhala ndi kamvekedwe odzilamulira, maganizo, seclusion lathu, kutengeka ndi lyricism kwambiri. AA Akhmatova bwino amaipidwa ndi lingaliro la "primordial Adam," analengeza acmeists. Ntchito yake yodziwika ndi chikondi cha munthu, kukhulupirira mphamvu yake, ndi mphamvu zauzimu. Ambiri mwa ntchito a ndakatulo iyi imagwera pa zaka Union.

Awiri m'chigawo choyamba wa Akhmatova, zatchulidwazi "Madzulo" ndi "Korona Popemphera" (1914), anabweretsa kutchuka chachikulu. Amaonetsa wolimba yopapatiza dziko limene ophimbidwa zolemba za chisoni ndi chisoni. Mutu wa chikondi apa, zofunika kwambiri ndi wapadera, umakhudza mavuto ndi mfundo mbiri pa moyo a ndakatulo iyi.

NS Gumilyov

Large ndi chidwi luso cholowa, NS Gumilyov. Mu ntchito ya ndakatulo uyu mitu yaikulu anali m'mbiri komanso zosowa, ndi yonena za "makhalidwe amphamvu". Gumilev anayambitsa mtundu wa vesi ndi kuzipanga izo yeniyeni ndi kuthamangitsidwa.

Timagalasi Acmeists wakhala ankatsutsa Symbolists, chifukwa ntchito zawo angapezeke "maiko ena", kukhumba kwa iye. Gumilyov woyamba kulandira zisinthe chaka analemba ndakatulo za imfa ya dziko, mapeto a chitukuko. Iye amaona mavuto aakulu a nkhondo kuti zikhoza kukhala zoopsa anthu. Mu ndakatulo yake "The Work," ankaoneka kuoneratu mapeto ake adaombera proletarian chipolopolo "umene umawalekanitsa ine pa dziko lapansi." Nikolai Stepanovich anaphedwa chifukwa chotenga ankaimbidwa mu chiwembu potsimikizira-chosintha.

Ena a olemba ndakatulo ndi ya Silver Age - oimira acmeism kenako anasamuka. Ena sanathe kutero. Mwachitsanzo, Anna Andreevna Ahmatova, mkazi wake, NS Gumilyov, anali asanagwire Wamkulu October kuukira boma, iye anakana kuchoka ku dziko lakwawo. zochitika izi anachoka mu moyo wake zotsalira lalikulu, ndi ndakatulo sakhala pomwepo okhoza kubwerera ku ntchito. Komabe, Wamkulu kukonda dziko lako nkhondo kachiwiri kudzutsidwa mwa iye patriot, ndakatulo, chikhulupiriro mu chigonjetso cha dziko lawo (mankhwala "Kulimbika," "lumbiro" ndi ena).

futurism

Pa nthawi yomweyo monga Acmeism (ie, 1910-1912.), Pali Futurism. Iye, monga madera ena sanali kwenikweni vydelyalyaya mumaganiza angapo. Yaikulu ya iwo, Cubo, ogwirizana andakatulo V. Mayakovsky, vv Klebnikov, DD Burliuk, vv Kamensky, Kruchenykh ndi ena. mtundu wina wa futurism anali egofuturizm anapereka ntchito za I. kumpoto. Gulu "Centrifuge" anali oyamba pamene andakatulo NN Aseev ndi Pasternak Pasternak, komanso ena olemba ndi olemba Silver Age.

Futurism zasinthiratu mawonekedwe kuti tsopano kukhala osadalira pa zili analengeza ufulu wolankhula, kwathunthu kusiya kupitiriza zolembalemba ndi mwambo. Futurist Manifesto "mbama mu nkhope ya kukoma anthu", lofalitsidwa mu 1912, analimbikitsa kulandidwa kwa olankhulira ndi ulamuliro waukulu chonchi, monga Tolstoy, Pushkin ndi Dostoevsky.

Olemba Silver Age mabuku Russian vv Kamensky ndi Velimir Khlebnikov anakwanitsa kuchita zinthu zatsopano bwino ndi mawu zimene zinapangitsa kuti chitukuko zina mwa ndakatulo Russian.

vv Mayakovsky

Pakati pa Futurists anayamba kulenga ndakatulo kwambiri vv Mayakovsky (1893-1930 gg.). Mu 1912 anapita buku la ndakatulo yake yoyamba. Mayakovsky sanali ndi "mtundu uliwonse wa zoipa," komanso kulalikira kufunika kwa moyo watsopano anthu. Vladimir Vladimirovich anaoneratu October kuukira boma, iye anadzudzula ufumu "mafuta", umene umaonekera ndakatulo wake "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere", "mtambo Buluku", "Munthu", "msana chitoliro" amene adatsutsa lonse capitalist dongosolo ndipo analengeza chikhulupiriro munthu.

andakatulo ena ndi olemba Silver Age

Mu zaka pamaso zitasintha, panali ena akuyimba yowala ndi olemba Silver Age mabuku Russian, amene ali ovuta amanena kuti malangizo makamaka Mwachitsanzo MA Voloshin, MI Tsvetaeva. Creative yamasika khalidwe woonekeratu ufulu ndiponso kukana malamulo ochiritsira khalidwe ndi maganizo.

Russian chikhalidwe cha nthawi iyi anali chifukwa cha njira waukulu ndi zovuta. makhalidwe ake chibadidwe zonse anakhalabe umunthu, Aisiraeli ndi demokalase, ngakhale kuthamanga Poyankha boma. Zambiri angapezeke mu buku lililonse ( "Literature", kalasi 11), Silver Age kwenikweni m'gulu maphunziro kusukulu.