Union - izi ndi ... Lublin, Brest, Krevsk Union

Union - dera lino, mgwirizano, gulu la limati, mabungwe andale, zipembedzo achipembedzo. Nthawi zambiri ntchito m'lingaliro monarchical mgwirizano wa mayiko angapo pansi pa mtsogoleri limodzi.

gulu la mapangano

Real Union - Union, chomwe mafumu, pamene kutenga kuti umodzi wa motsatizana ufumu. Wolowa mfumu m'tsogolo m'mayiko onse membala wa pangano. mgwirizano amenewa - olimba, odalirika - akhoza zimafika Koma ngati kumene mmodzi wa ophunzira kusintha mtundu wa boma mu Republican. Kuletsa ufumu mu umodzi kapena mayiko onse membala zikuphatikizapo azingokhala wogwirizana kapena kuchepa kapangidwe kake kachulukidwe.

Personal mgwirizano - mgwilizano umene uli mwachisawawa, ngati munthu amene akhala mfumu m'mayiko ambiri chifukwa cha chibale ndi abwanamkubwa awiri kapena atatu, kapena vuto la kusowa. Mayiko nawo sasintha ndipo palibe ndondomeko logwirizana la motsatizana. Umodzi uwu wathedwa kuwonongeka. Posakhalitsa kapena kenako Woyesana mpando wachifumuwo, kulamulira boma yomweyo, koma ena angakhale zosatheka chifukwa chikhalidwe cha malamulo.

Mpingo Union - mtundu wa pangano anamaliza pakati pa zikhulupiriro za. Zolinga ndi zifukwa ukwati zimadalira mbiri.

Mgwirizano ndi chitaganya: Kodi pali kusiyana?

Kawirikawiri mtundu anzawo opotoka kuti Chitaganya. Dziwani kuti pofotokoza sizolondola.

Choyamba, mgwirizano zitha kumachitika ndi nawo limati monarchical. Ichi ndi mbali yake yaikulu. Koma Chitaganya, mu mgwirizano akhoza kumachita ndi dongosolo Republican boma.

Kupezeka kwa mgwirizano amafuna pafupi mgwirizano wa zandale ndiponso zachuma. Sikuti mgwirizano pangano. Apo ayi, vuto Chitaganya. Ndi kusainira pangano, mamembala ake ali ndi mzake ngongole zina. mamembala Union Musataye awo ulamuliro. Single wolamulira mfumu wachulukitsa mphamvu yake. Pambuyo kusaina mgwirizano iye ndi mtumiki wa ufulu odzilamulira lililonse dziko mu Union.

Mbali yofunika ya amatsatira malamulo a kusainira chitaganya pangano - kuli mgwirizano ndi olembedwa udindo mangawawo. Izi adzaonetsetsa umodzi ndale. A mgwirizano - ndi ammudzi kuti Ndizachidziwikire popanda kutsutsana.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri lokhudza khalidwe la Nkhondo pakati pa zipani ndi pangano. Membala limati la mgwirizano sangathe kulimbana ndi mzake, monga kazembe - limodzi, kotero, kulengeza nkhondo mu Union, izo afunika kuukira pa yokha.

Political ndi dynastic mgwirizano mgwirizano

History amadziwa zambiri, m'nyengo ya mabanja otere. Mmodzi wa oyambirira kudziwika ndi chidwi - Krevo wamphumphu. Lithuania ndi Poland anali maphwando kwa mgwirizano. Monga mabungwe ena ambiri, izi linasindikizidwa ndi banja dynastic, amene anamaliza Polish Mfumukazi Jadwiga ndi Chilituyaniya Grand Duke Jagiello.

Union mu 1385, yolembedwa mu chinyumba Kreva, kusintha zina ndi chipangizo onse m'mayiko nawo.

Chifukwa mgwirizano ndi - ndi chifooke m'mayiko awiriwa ndi mavuto pa iwo kuchokera kunja: ndi Teutonic Order, Muscovy, ndi Golden gulu. Pamaso Krevsk Union Lithuania anasaina mapangano angapo ndi Moscow kalonga, ndi Teutonic Knights, amene kunathandiza kwambiri pa njira ya zochitika, koma sadatsatire.

Akamanena za mgwirizano mu Krevo

Malinga ndi pangano limenelo, Jagiello anakhala mfumu ya Poland. Iwo amaika Iye angapo zitsimikizo:

• Bwanamkubwa ayenera kulankhula Latin Lithuania.
• Jagiello anali kupereka Duke la Austria Wilhelm chipukutamisozi wakuswa mgwirizano ukwati, chimene yotsirizira anachita kumuchotsa mkazi wake Jadwiga.
• Mu Lithuania, kunali koyenera kuti atchule Chikatolika.
• Jagiello amayenera kubwerera mayiko a Poland kale ndi Russia kumanga ufumu. Union of Chilituyaniya ndi Polish unkayenera iye kuonjezera chiwerengero cha akaidi.

Mwachidule, Jagiello anakhala wolamulira wa ogwirizana Lithuania ndi Poland, koma anakhalabe dongosolo osiyana ndalama ndi chuma, malamulo, malamulo miyambo, panali malire, panali asilikali osiyana aliyense pangano Member State. Krevo mgwirizano linachititsa chitsutso ya anthu otchuka a Lithuania ndi Russia kale, komabe akutumikira monga m'munsi kwa Union of Lublin. Dera la Poland kuchuluka.

Chiyambi m'mbiri ya Lublin Union

patapita zaka zambiri imakhala ya mgwirizano mu Krevo anali mikangano pakati pa Lithuanians ndi olemekezeka Polish chilamulo ndi mlingo wa chikoka mu dziko. Pa kuwuka kwa umwini dziko zasintha ndi kapangidwe mwayi kalasi m'mayiko awiriwa. Inati awiri, panali mbali zosiyanasiyana za kalasi ang'onoang'ono: ndi olemekezeka Polish anali homogeneous, mamembala ake onse anatipatsa ufulu wofanana ndi kusiyana kwa onse akhala kuletsedwa; Chilituyaniya magnates - polarize kalasi. Mu "mizati" akutanthauza mitundu iwiri otchuka:

• nzika Large (barons), omwe ali ndi ufulu mbwee ndi maudindo. Iwo sali pansi kumakhoti - yekha bwalo la Grand Duke. Komanso, iwo akhoza maudindo zofunika boma. Kuwonjezera pa kuchuluka malo aakulu mu mphamvu yawo ndi nkhokwe yaikulu ya ntchito.
• Small ndi sing'anga nzika. Iwo analibe popezera mpata andale ndi azachuma, monga gulu loyamba (zochepa dziko, mwayi ntchito). Komanso, nthawi zambiri akuvutika chifukwa cha dyera la tycoons chachikulu, monga ankadalira iwo.

Chifukwa cha chilungamo ludzu (kapena wamkulu mphamvu), anthu a gulu lachiwiri anafuna azimai amene ayenera kuti anali m'gulu olemekezeka a.

Koma vuto linali osati polimbana tycoons - oimira la Poland ndi Lithuania kuti simuzidzagwirizana polowa wamba asilikali, kupanga m'mayiko awiriwa osatetezeka. Polish osankhika anali akuopa dziko la Lithuania, monga kuweruza kwa kanthawi Sigismund Augustus anali kazembe womaliza wa Jagiellonian - kusintha kwa mfumu mtundu ungamuphe kulekana madera ena.

Monga anavomera Lithuanians ndi Zitsulo?

The Union of Lublin - pangano loyamba pakati Poland ndi Lithuania, chimene chakhala mosamala anakonza ngati kuchita malamulo a dziko lino. Ganizo chachikulu chinali choti Lithuania ku Poland. Kwa nthawi yaitali anali zokambirana amene anayenera kuthetsa kusiyana kulikonse.

Backplane mgwirizano mu 1569 amayenera anasaina nthawi yozizira ya Chipolishi Chilituyaniya Seimas. Zokambirana zinali zovuta, sikunali kotheka kuti tikwaniritse mgwirizano. Chifukwa mavuto panali Chilituyaniya amafuna mbali: ndi coronation kunali kutenga malo Vilnius, kazembe anayenera kusankha yekha akuluakulu ambiri Sejm ndi Chilituyaniya boma anali kugwira yekha mbadwa wamba. Poland sakanakhoza kuvomereza zofuna amenewa. Komanso, Lithuanians wosasangalala zikuchitika, anasiya Sejm.

Koma iwo posachedwa kubwerera ndi kupitiriza zokambirana. Pali zifukwa zambiri zimene lankhosa Lithuania kupempha thandizo ku nkhope ya Poland:

• Dziko wataya zambiri pa Livonia nkhondo.
• Mu boma anali kukula kusakhutira ndi nzika za.
• Lithuania anali pa nkhondo ndi Muscovy, omwe sanali mbali wamphamvu.

Kuti mofulumira "kukopa" ndi Lithuanians, ndi Polish mfumu ndi linalanda m'chigawo Volyn Podlaskie ndi kuopseza kuti achotse mwayi kwa ampatuko. Onse anasonkhana kachiwiri mu Poland. The mbali Chilituyaniya analumbira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa Sigismund Augustus. Anayamba kukonzekera kusaina ukwati. Poland anali ziyembekezo kwambiri mgwirizano umenewu.

kusaina mgwirizano

Zakudya ali adapitiriza ntchito zake June 1569 TH, ndipo pa tsiku loyamba la July, ophunzira anachita pangano. Lublin Union ankalengeza mapangidwe Rzeczpospolita umodzi boma. Pambuyo Lithuania ndi Poland mwakachetechete anasaina mgwirizano. Patapita masiku 3, mgwirizano zikutsimikiziridwa zina Mfumu.

Komabe, kukhazikitsidwa kwa Union sanali mavuto onse, ndi Zakudya anapitiriza. nkhani ena anatsimikiza mu mwezi kuchokera kusaina ndi ratification boma njira. vuto la kufalitsa mphamvu, anakhazikitsa Zakudya wakhala anathana, chomwe ndi zipinda ziwiri. The Union anaziika zimene anayamba Krevsk pangano.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu za Union mu Lublin:

• boma ayenera kukhala wolamulira umodzi - mfumu amene amasankha zakudya.
• Monetary dongosolo, ndi Senate ndi Sejm anali ofanana kwa Polish ndi madera Chilituyaniya.
• Equalized mu ufulu wa Polish ndi Chilituyaniya olemekezeka.
• Lithuania wateteza ena mwa zizindikiro za statehood - kusindikiza odula manja, asilikali ndi makonzedwe a.

Zotsatira za Lublin mgwirizano

Lithuanians anatha kusunga chinenero chawo, dongosolo malamulo ndi chiwerengero cha mbali ya statehood. Poland yalimbikitsa ndi kuchuluka kukula kwa malo amene amadza. Rzeczpospolita mazana angapo wakhala mdani wamphamvu pa dziko lonse. Komanso, izo zikanakhala zotheka kufalitsa Chikatolika ndi Polish kulenga m'dera chikhalidwe.

mfundo zoipa anali patsogolo zida za malamulo ndi kuwonjezeka mu chivundi. Chisankho cha mfumu spawned ndi kulimbana yogwira mu Sejm, limene kwa zaka kwachititsa kugwa Rzeczpospolita.

zosasangalatsa kwathunthu kwambiri akuwonetseredwa mu nkhani za chipembedzo. Mu anthu a Lithuania sanathenso kusankha chikhulupiriro chawo - Chikatolika anali ndi akapolo pafupifupi mokakamiza. Chikhristu zinali zoletsedwa. otsutsa Chikatolika anali "kunja lamulo" - iwo ufulu wawo wonse, kuzunzidwa. Pa gawo Chiyukireniya umene uli pansi pa ulamuliro wa Commonwealth, anayamba kutuluka sukulu fraternal.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, equalized mu ufulu wa amazikonda anthu otchuka, kunachitika kusintha mu muzochitika ndale, malamulo ndi zachuma. Kotero kuti zotsatira za Soviet Lublin sangathe imawunikidwa unambiguously.

pangano mpingo

Mbiri ya Chikristu lili zoyesayesa kubwezeretsa umphumphu wa chipembedzo. Kumbukirani kuti chifukwa cha kugawanika mu 1054 anapanga Chikatolika ndi Orthodoxy. Iwo anakhala nthambi osiyana Chikhristu. kuyanjana - pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo zoyesayesa woyamba zinalengedwa wamphumphu.

Chikatolika ndi ziphunzitso ndi miyambo yosiyanasiyana ndi miyambo. Kuvomereza sanali kuwafika. chifukwa chachikulu - kulephera kutsatira Orthodox Papa. Akatolika kuvomereza zinthu atapereka otsutsa kuti: Orthodox Papa anafuna kukana ulamuliro mu ufumu wolowezana wa mpingo.

Kwa zaka zambiri, Orthodox wofooka ndipo ankafunika thandizo la Chikatolika polimbana kumuopseza zosiyanasiyana. Mu 1274 Lyons yosainidwa mgwilizano ndi kulimbana wamba motsutsa Chitata Mongolia, ndipo mu 1439 - Union wa Florence. Panthawi imeneyi, mgwirizano anali ndi Turkey. mapangano awa anali yochepa ankakhala, koma "kayendedwe kuti mgwirizano" chapeza mafani zambiri.

ANAKULIRA Brest Union

Brest mgwirizano - mgwilizano umene wafunsira chipembedzo chatsopano ndi zaka zambirimbiri mikangano.

M'zaka za m'ma XVI Mpingo Orthodox sichinali ndendende chitsanzo makhalidwe ndi uzimu - anali pa mavuto aakulu. The zikamera wa mwambo wa zothandizira mipingo yawo, pamene kachisi anali makamaka katundu magnate woyang'anira, anabweretsa mu chipembedzo, mbali zambiri zadziko. Pankhani ya mpingo n'kusokoneza ngakhale burgers. Amenewa amanena za ubale - mabungwe a m'tawuni kuti ali ndi ufulu kulamulira mabishopu ngakhale. Mpingo unataya chikoka ndi mbiri Angachitsekereze ufulu wa okhulupirira.

Uniate kayendedwe inayambanso chifukwa kutsegula kwa Ajezwiti ku Poland. Kupezeka malemba polemical za ubwino ukwati. Olemba anali alaliki ndi afilosofi - Benedict Gerbest Peter Skarga, ndi ena ambiri.

Uniates itakula pambuyo "kusintha kalendala" Gregory XIII - chifukwa maholide achipembedzo cha Orthodox ndi Akatolika diverged pa nthawi. Izo kukanakhala kumuphwanyira ufulu wa anthu Orthodox, akukhala mu dera la Commonwealth.

Chifukwa cha mphamvu kuphatikiza zinthu izi yosainidwa ndi Union of Brest.

Akamanena za pangano

Mu 1590 msonkhano wa mpingo unachitikira mu mzinda wa Belz. Anapangana ndi pempho ukwati anamuchitira Gideoni Balaban. chongoganiza inatheka ndi mabishopu ambiri. Patapita zaka 5, kufunika ukwati anazindikira Papa.

Beresteis'ka mgwirizano anali kuti Mukalowa mu 1596. Koma nkhwidzi ikutha. Msonkhano, amene anakumana kusaina mgwirizano, unagawanika. Mmodzi wa mafani anali Orthodox, winayo - ndi Uniates. The chopunthwitsa anapanga kuti kumvera Papa. Pomaliza, mgwirizano anasaina mbali chabe ya zopereka. Atsogoleri Orthodox sanamuzindikire mgwirizano. Kusaina pangano zinachitika motsogozedwa Metropolitan Mikhail Rogoza.

Terms ndi zinthu:

• Uniates anazindikira kugonjera Papa.
• Atsogoleri anali ndi ufulu wofanana ndi wa Katolika akuluakulu a tchalitchi.
• Nkhani chikhulupiriro - Catholic, miyambo - Orthodox.

Choncho, chifukwa kufuna kugwirizanitsa wasanduka kugawanika kwambiri. Pamaziko a ziphunzitso ndi Chikatolika anali ndi chikhulupiriro china. Tsopano Uniatism wokhazikitsidwa ndi gulu - Orthodox anali mu malo ngakhale kuposa Beresteis'ka (Brest) pangano.

Pomaliza kuwonjezera: wogwirizana - chinthu zinathandiza, koma, monga momwe mabuku a mbiri yakale si nthawi zonse mgwirizano anapita phindu la zipani zonse nawo.