Pugachev chiwembu: mmwamba, pansi ndi zinthu

Mu mbiri Russian pa ulamuliro wa Catherine II zonse wotchedwa zaka golide. Iye akulamulira pa mpando wachifumu wa Mfumukazi, ngati zolinga zikuluzikulu lalikulu wokonzanso Peter, monga amafuna kuti Russia mbali ya wotukuka Europe. Ufumu kukula ndi mphamvu asilikali kujowina dziko latsopano, anapanga kuyang'aniridwa ndi Mfumukazi kukhala sayansi ndi luso. Koma panali "mantha a XVIII m'ma" - otchedwa Ekaterina Velikaya Pugachev kugalukira. Zotsatira zake, komanso zimayambitsa ndi Inde chowululidwa kusiyana lakuthwa zobisika kuseri kwa wapamwamba wapakamwa zaka golide.

Zimayambitsa anapanduka

Lamulo loyamba Catherine, pambuyo Peter III anali kuchepetsa Kumasuka olemekezeka ya usilikali oumiriza ndi utumiki boma. Nzika anali ndi mwayi kuti chinkhoswe mu chuma, ndi poyerekezera ndi osawuka, anayamba akapolo. Serfs anapatsidwa yekha mumamva kupalamula, ndipo ngakhale ufulu akudandaula kuti eni udzachotsedwa kwa iwo. M'manja mwa mbuye anali tsogolo la moyo serf.

Sinali bwino kuposa chiwerengero cha alimi amene akhala zimachitika zomera. antchito analemba chifundo molakwika ndi eni wanga. Zinthu zomvetsa chisoni iwo anali kugwira ntchito katundu komanso woopsa ndipo ntchito pa magawo awo anali ndi mphamvu ngakhalenso nthawi.

Osati chifukwa palibe mu Urals ndi dera Volga unayaka Pugachev kugalukira. The zotsatira za mfundo kuponderezedwa kwa Russian ufumu pa mabusa dziko - maonekedwe mu wopanduka asilikali a masauzande Bashkirs, Chitata, Udmurt, Chikazaki, Kalmyk, Chuvash. State kuwacotsa m'dziko kwawo, kumanga mafakitale atsopano kumeneko, ndi kudzala chikhulupiriro kwa iwo, kuwatulutsa milungu akale.

Pa mtsinje Yaik

Lama fuyusi chimene chinachitika pa malawi a mkwiyo otchuka malo yaikulu mu Urals ndi Volga, anali ntchitoyo Yaik Cossacks. Iwo zionetsero ndi kulandidwa kwa chuma chawo (boma okhawo pa mchere) ndi ndale (ndende mphamvu boma amapereka akulu ndi atsogoleri) ufulu ndi udindo. zisudzo awo mu 1771 anaphedwa mwankhanza wosweka, amene anakankha Cossacks kuyang'ana njira zina za kulimbana ndi atsogoleri atsopano.

Olemba mbiri ena anenapo Baibulo kuti kupanduka kwa Pugachev, amachititsa, ndithudi ndi zotsatira zake makamaka anatsimikiza mtima kunsonga ya Yaik Cossacks. Iwo anakwanitsa muligonjetse kukopa kwake wachikoka Pugacheva ndi kuzipanga izo chida awo wakhungu kupambana ufulu Cossack. Ndipo pamene ine ndinapita ngozi, iwo adampereka Iye ndi anayesetsa moyo wake posinthana ndi mutu wake.

Wamba "anpirator"

The mavuto nyengo umoyo ndale za nthawi inatheka ndi mphekesera za kupasula moumiriza wa mkazi achifumu Catherine - Peter Fedorovich. Iwo anati Petro III wawakonzera lamulo "Pa ufulu wa anthu osauka," koma sanali Howard, ndipo anagwidwa ndi olemekezeka - otsutsa wa Kumasuka osauka a. Iye pang'onong'ono ndipo posachedwapa kulengeza kwa anthu wamasiyeyo ndi kuti nkhondo kubwerera kwa mfumu. Chikhulupiriro cha anthu wamba mu lamanja la mfumu, wodzozedwa wa Mulungu, umene uli thupi zolemba yapadera, anali samasowa mu Russia onyenga zosiyanasiyana nkhondo mphamvu.

Mozizwitsa anathawa Peter Fedorovich kwenikweni anaonekera. Iye anasonyeza Zisonyezo zooneka pa chifuwa (amene anasamutsidwa kuda scrofula) ndipo anaitana adani olemekezeka waukulu wa anthu a ntchito. Iye anali amphamvu ndi olimba mtima, anali ndi maganizo ndi chifuniro chitsulo. Pobadwa, dzina lake anali Emelyan Pugachev.

Don Cossack ku mudzi Zimoveyskoy

Iye anabadwa mu 1740 kapena 1742 pa malo omwewo, kumene kwa zaka mazana izo zisanachitike zinakhalako kupanduka lina lodziwika bwino - Stepan Razin. Pugachev kugalukira, zotsatira za maulendo ake pamodzi Volga ndi Urals kotero mantha akuluakulu kuti iye anayesetsa kuwononga kukumbukira kwambiri kwa "mfumu muzhik Mulungu." Tili ochepa deta zokhudza moyo wake.

Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev unyamata wake ankasiyana tikuyamba maganizo ndi mtima wosakhazikika. Iye anakhala nawo nkhondo ndi Prussia ndi Turkey, analandira udindo wa mphalasa. Matenda anabwerera Don, sanathe kupeza pantchito boma usilikali ndipo analowa kubisala kuboma.

Iye anapita Poland mu Kuban ndi Caucasus. Kwa kanthawi anakhala okhulupirira Old pa magombe a tributary wa Volga - mtsinje Irgiz. view anali kuti anali mmodzi wa otsutsa otchuka - bambo Filaret - Pugacheva ndinaganizapo bwanji anawapulumutsa modabwitsa ndi mfumu woona. Kotero iye anapezeka mwa ufulu kukoma Cossacks Yaik "anpirator" Peter Fedorovich.

Chipolowe kapena m'mphawi nkhondo?

Events kuti anayamba wokhalira kulimbana kubwerera ufulu Cossack, anapeza makhalidwe onse a nkhondo zikuluzikulu motsutsa opondereza a anthu wamba ndi wowerengeka workhouse.

Ankalalikira m'dzina la Peter III manifestos ndi malamulo munali malingaliro ali ndi kukopa yaikulu kwambiri ya anthu okhala ufumuwo: kumasulidwa kwa amphawi kuchokera serfdom ndi mumamva misonkho, endowing ndi dziko lapansi, kuwonongedwa kwa maudindo a anthu otchuka ndi akuluakulu, mamembala a maboma dziko masamba, etc ...

zolembedwa pa mbendera ya asilikali kupanduka lili ndi kukula mofulumira kachulukidwe ndi ndi mphamvu zikuluzikulu zonse Pugachev kugalukira. Zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za zaka wamba nkhondo 1773-75 anali mankhwala mwachindunji mavuto awa chikhalidwe.

Ndi Yaik Cossacks, amene anakhala maziko a lankhondo lalikulu la chiwembu, anagwira ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba analemba zomera Ural, ndi mwininyumba serfs. Kavalo wa asilikali kupanduka inkakhala makamaka a Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Kalmyks ndi anthu ena a steppes m'mphepete mwa ufumuwo.

Angayendetsere ake variegated atsogoleri zikuchokera asilikali Pugachev makamu chinapangidwa ndi gulu lankhondo - kayendetsedwe ndi ndale likulu la chiwembu la. Ntchito bwino likulu kupanduka analibe chifuniro ndi kudziwa-Pugachev atsogoleri, ngakhale zochita za asilikali woukira ndi chinapangitsa zina akuwatsutsa alonda ndodo ndi akazembe kudabwa ndi gulu lake lingaliro limodzi, ngakhale zinali zachilendo.

Kenako anabalalikira maonekedwe a nkhondo yeniyeni ya Civil nkhondo. Koma zoyambira za pulogalamu maganizo, zomwe Tingaone mu "achifumu malamulo" Emelyan, sakanakhoza kukana chikhalidwe zolusa wa asilikali ake. Zotsatira za kupanduka Pugachev kenako anasonyeza kuti akuba ndi nkhanza kuposa kupondereza wa opondereza anatembenuka ntchito ndi boma kuponderezana chomwecho - opusa ndi opanda chifundo - Russian chiwawa.

Mayendedwe a kugalukira ndi

Moto kugalukira yokutidwa yaikulu m'dera ku Volga kwa Urals. Poyamba maonekedwe Yaik Cossacks, kutsogozedwa ndi mwamuna ndi wokana sanazichite mantha Catherine. Only pamene asilikali Pugachev a sanachedwe kudzadza pamene zinadziwika kuti "anpiratora" moni ndi mkate ndi mchere mu matauni ang'onoang'ono ndi midzi yaikulu, pamene iwo anakhudzidwa - zambiri popanda kumenyana - m'malinga ambiri mu Orenburg steppes, akuluakulu kuti ndipeze chinthu chenicheni. Ndi losakhululukidwa chosasamala mabwana anafotokoza kuwonjezeka mofulumira Cossack mkwiyo Pushkin, amene anaphunzira zotsatira ndi tanthauzo la chiwembu la. Pugachev anabweretsa ku likulu la Urals wa - Orenburg - asilikali amphamvu ndi woopsa, akugonjetsa angapo formations zonse zankhondo.

Koma kwenikweni kulimbana Chilango wotumidwa kuchokera kwa likulu, Pugachevskaya libertines sakanakhoza, ndipo gawo loyamba la chiwembu inatha mu chigonjetso cha asilikali tsar pa linga Tatisheva mu March 1774. Zinaoneka kuti kupanduka kwa Pugachev, zotsatira zimene zinali kuthawa wonamizira ndi detachment yaing'ono kwa Urals, ndi kuponderezedwa. Koma izo zinali chabe gawo loyamba.

Kazan mwinimunda

Miyezi itatu pambuyo kugonjetsedwa pafupi Orenburg kuti Kazan anabwera 20000th zigawenga zambiri Army: zomvetsa anadzazidwa mu kuchuluka nthawi ya magulu atsopano pakati kusakhutira ndi mkhalidwe wawo. Kumva njira ya "Mfumu Peter III» wamba ambiri okha anachita ndi eni, moni ndi mkate ndi mchere Pugacheva ndi anazitsanulira mwa asilikali ake. Kazan pafupifupi anagonjetsa zigawenga. Iwo sanathe kukathyola kokha boma la Russia, kumene iye anakhalabe asilikali yaing'ono.

Pofuna kuthandiza Povolzhskoye otchuka ndi nzika akulakwa m'mphepete Mfumukazi ananena kuti "Kazan mwinimunda" ndipo anatumizidwa ku Kazan mwamphamvu asilikali grouping molamulidwa ndi msilikali I. I. Mihelsona, amene anauzidwa kuti kwathunthu kuchotsa kupanduka Pugachev. Zotsatira za nkhondo Kazan analinso akumane kuti wonyenga, ndipo iye anasiya ndi zotsala a asilikali pa gombe lamanja la Volga.

Mapeto a kupanduka Pugachev

M'dera Volga, woyendera nthambi wakale mosalekeza serfdom zipolowe moto muli ndi kudya zatsopano - wamba, anamasulidwa ku ukapolo Ndondomeko "Peter Fedorovich," zimapita ku gulu lake. Posakhalitsa mu Moscow yokha ankakonza kubweza gulu lalikulu la asilikali kupanduka. Koma zotsatira Pugachev anapanduka Urals anamuonetsa kuti wamba asilikali sakanakhoza kupereka kukana chophunzitsidwa ndi zida zamphamvu mayunitsi zonse. Anaganiza kusuntha kum'mwera ndipo kukudza kulimbana ndi Don Cossacks pa ulendo wawo anali wamphamvu linga - Tsarina.

Ndi pa akuyandikira kwa izo Michelson chinaperekedwa kugonjetsedwa komaliza kwa opandukawo. Pugachev anayesa kuthawa koma anaperekedwa ndi akapitawo Cossack, anagwidwa ndi m'manja akuluakulu. Mu Moscow, mlandu wa Pugachev ndi anzake, mu January 1775 anaphedwa, koma mowiriza wamba zipolowe anapitiriza kwa nthawi yaitali.

Preconditions, zifukwa, ophunzira, ndithudi ndi zotsatira za Pugachev kugalukira

Gome m'munsimu mwachidule amadziwika zinachitikazo. Izo zikusonyeza inu amene ndi cholinga chimene nawo chiwembu, ndi chifukwa chake anagonjetsedwa.

Mark pa mbiri

Akadzagonjetsedwa Pugachev Ekaterina Velikaya ndayesera kuti ndizichita chirichonse pokumbukira kugalukira ndi wasoŵa muyaya. Anadzatchedwa ndi Ural mtsinje Yaik, Yaik Cossacks anadziwika monga Urals ndi, mudzi Don Zimoveyskaya - malo Razin ndi Pugachev - anali Potemkin. Koma chachikulu kwambiri mantha ufumuwo anali Pugachevskaya chipwirikiti kutha popanda kufufuza mu mbiri. Pafupifupi mbadwo watsopano mu njira yake amaweruza zotsatira za chiwembu Emelyana Pugacheva kumuyitana mtsogoleri wa ngwazi, ndi bandit. Izo zinachitika mu Russia - ndi cholinga chabwino, mwa wosalungama, ndi kukangamira Tags, chapatali abwino nthawi.