Vanadium (mankhwala chinthu): mbiri ya dzina, kapangidwe ka atomu, ndi valence

Pakati pa 115 pakalipano mankhwala zinthu, ambiri anapatsidwa dzina lake polemekeza ngwazi za Agiriki, milungu. Ena otchedwa mayina a anthu ofufuza ndiponso asayansi otchuka. Ena anaitanidwa pa maiko, m'mizinda, mbali lawolawo. Chochititsa chidwi ndi mbiri ya dzina la amafotokozera ndi monga vanadium. Inde ndi palokha, zitsulo zimenezi n'kofunika kwambiri ndipo ali ndi makhalidwe apadera. Choncho timaona mwatsatanetsatane.

Vanadium - mankhwala amafotokozera mu tebulo zodziwitsa

Ngati ife zimaonetsa katunduyo pa nkhaniyi mu dongosolo nthawi, n'zotheka kudziwa mfundo zingapo kiyi.

1. Ili lalikulu nyengo yachinayi, gulu lachisanu subgroups chachikulu.
2. Siriyo chiwerengero - 23.
3. Unyinji atomiki la mchitidwe wa - 50,9415.
4. Chizindikiro mankhwala - V.
5. Latin dzina - vanadium.
6. Russian dzina - vanadium. mchitidwe mankhwala ndi kuwerenga monga "vanadium" mu kachitidwe.
7. Ndi mmene zitsulo zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho kuchepetsa katundu.

Udindo wa Zofunikira dongosolo n'zoonekeratu kuti monga losavuta mankhwala mchitidwe yogwira adzakhala ndi katundu zofanana ndi zimene tantalum ndi niobium.

Features ya kapangidwe ka maatomu

Vanadium - mankhwala amafotokozera, atomiki dongosolo limene anafotokoza mwa ambiri chilinganizo E ³ 3D ² 4S. Mwachionekere, chifukwa chotero kasinthidwe ndi valency ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma likhoza kuonetsa makhalidwe yosiyana.

chilinganizo Zimenezi zimathandiza kulosera za katundu wa vanadium monga losavuta mankhwala - lililonse zitsulo kupanga kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zovuta.

Khalidwe valency ndi boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni

Chifukwa kukhalapo kwa ma elekitironi unpaired pa 3D atatu akhoza kuonetsa sublayer vanadium makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +3. Komabe, si yekha. Okwana pali mfundo zinayi zotheka:

• +2;
• 3;
• 4;
• 5.

Pankhaniyi, vanadium - chinthu mankhwala, ndi valence wa amenenso ali zizindikiro ziwiri: IV ndi V. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake mankhwala mu atomu anapatsidwa anangokhala, ndipo iwo onse ndi wokongola mtundu kupenta. Makamaka amadziwika madzi ndi zitsulo mchere maofesi.

Vanadium: chinthu mankhwala. History dzina la

Ngati ife kulankhula za mbiri ya atulukira zitsulo izi, m'pofunika kunena kuti chiyambi cha m'ma XVIII. Nthawi imeneyi, mu 1801, Mexico Del Rio anali kupeza zinthu wake osadziwika mu utsogoleri wa thanthwe, ndi chitsanzo chimene kufufuza. Pambuyo mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano, Del Rio analandira zokongola zitsulo salt. Iye anawapatsa dzina "erythron", koma kenako iye kwa chromium mchere, m'manja mwa kutsegula kwa sanalandire.

Kenako, katswiri wina, Swede Sefstrom, anakwanitsa kufika zitsulo ndi kusankha izo kwa zitsulo. zamankhwala uyu kukayikira kuti zinthu zatsopano ndi losadziwika, sanali. Choncho, ndi mpainiya izo. Pamodzi ndi Jens Berzelius anapereka dzina la Kupezeka kwa zinthu - vanadium.

N'chifukwa chiyani izi? Nthano Norse, pali wina wamkazi amene ndi mwini wake wa chikondi, chipiriro, kukhulupirika ndi kudzipereka. Iye ndi mulungu wa kukongola. Dzinache akhali Vanadis. Pamene asayansi mchitidwe katundu wa mankhwala anali kuphunzira, zinali zoonekeratu ndithu kuti ndinu wokongola kwambiri, mtundu. A zitsulo aloyi zowonjezera kwambiri bwino khalidwe lawo ndi mphamvu ndi kukhazikika. Choncho, ulemu wa mulungu Vanadis, ndipo anapatsidwa dzina la zitsulo zachilendo ndi zofunika.

Vanadium - mankhwala amafotokozera mu mawonekedwe a chinthu yosavuta chinapezeka ngakhale patapita. Only mu 1869 pa zamankhwala British H. Roscoe ali anakwanitsa kupeza zitsulo mu mawonekedwe ufulu wa thanthwe. wasayansi wina F. Weller zatsimikiziridwa kuti wapezeka kamodzi Del Rio "chrome" ndi vanadium. Komabe, Mexico tsiku sikuti moyo, ndipo anapeza wake sanapeze kunja. The Russian mchitidwe mutu anabwera kuyamika G. I. Gessu.

Zambiri vanadium pawiri

Monga chinthu chosavuta funso ndi zitsulo atomu. Iye ali chiwerengero cha thupi katundu.

1. Mtundu: siliva woyera, chonyezimira.
2. Chimaona, molimba, katundu, kuyambira osalimba ndi 6,11 g / masentimita ^3.
3. Limatsogolera mfundo - 1920 ⁰ C, amene amalola kuti zikuphatikizapo zitsulo refractory.
4. Mpweya sakhala oxidize.

Monga mwa ufulu mawonekedwe m'chilengedwe kukumana zosatheka wake, ndiye anthu kupeza iye kuchokera mchere zosiyanasiyana ndi miyala.

Vanadium - zitsulo amafotokozera, amene akusonyeza mokwanira mkulu reactivity pamene mkangano, ndipo akamaziwononga. Ngati ife kulankhula za zinthu muyezo zachilengedwe, ndi waluso mwa yatikhudza yekha ndi zidulo wambiri, Aqua regia.

Ndi ena nonmetals amapanga mankhwala bayinare, zochita amapezeka pa kutentha. The osungunula soda sungunuka, kupanga maofesi - vanadates. Mpweya wamphamvu oxidizing wothandizila sungunuka vanadium, ndi wamkulu apamwamba a Kutentha kutentha kusakaniza.

Kukhala chikhalidwe ndi Isotopes

Ngati ife kulankhula za kufala kwa maatomu mu chikhalidwe, vanadium - chinthu mankhwala, kutanthauza kwina-apamwamba. Iye ndi membala wa miyala pafupifupi lalikulu lonseli, ores ndi mchere. Koma palibe si oposa 2%.

zili mu kutumphuka kwambiri ndi 1.9 * 10 ^-7. Pakuti chizindikiro ichi, patsogolo mkuwa, nthaka ndi patsogolo. Omwe thanthwe zitsulo si kupanga Komabe, pali minda angapo kuti amaonedwa ndi vanadium. Iwo ali chitsulo kophimba galasi limene maatomu vanadium ali kuwonjezekeredwa mu wambirimbiri.

Ndi mwala amenewa, monga:

• vanadinite;
• makatiriji;
• carnotite;
• Chile.

Mukhozanso kukumana ndi zitsulo zikuchokera:

• chomera phulusa;
• madzi nyanja;
• Tel squirts nyanja, nkhaka nyanja;
• zamoyo, zomera lapadziko ndi nyama.

Ngati ife kulankhula za isotopes wa vanadium, kuti awiri okha ndi: misa nambala 51, limene ambiri - 99,77% ndipo ambiri Unyinji wa 50, amene anabalalika nyukiliya ndiponso amapezeka kufufuza ndalama.

mankhwala vanadium

Takambirana kale ananena kuti, ngati chinthu mankhwala zitsulo limasonyeza ntchito zokwanira kupanga ambiri mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Choncho, mitundu zotsatirazi zinthu kudziwika ndi vanadium.

1. Oxides.
2. Hydroxides.
3. salt bayinare (chlorides, fluorides, bromides, sulfides, iodides).
4. mankhwala Hydroxy (oxychlorides oxybromide, oksitriftoridy ndi ena).
5. Zovuta salt.

Popeza valence wa mchitidwe wa zimasiyana, ndiye kwambiri zinthu analandira. Waukulu zimasiyanitsa mbali ya onsewo - ndi mtundu. Vanadium - mankhwala mchitidwe kusanthula zomwe mankhwala zikusonyeza kuti mtundu akhoza osiyanasiyana monga woyera ndi chikasu wofiira ndi wabuluu, kuphatikizapo mithunzi ya wobiriwira, lalanje, wakuda ndi chibakuwa. Ndi mwina ichi chinali chifukwa imene anapatsidwa dzina la atomu, chifukwa kwenikweni zikuwoneka zabwino kwambiri.

Komabe ambiri mwa mankhwala amene analandira okha m'mikhalidwe m'malo kuyeza anachita. Komanso, ambiri a iwo - poizoni, oopsa kwa anthu. Thupi boma zinthu akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, chlorides, bromides ndi fluorides - zambiri mdima pinki, wobiriwira, kapena timibulu wakuda. A oxides - mu mawonekedwe a ufa.

Yokonza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo

Konzekerani vanadium, kulekanitsa izo kwa mathanthwe ndi ores. Ndipo iwo mchere kuti muli ngakhale 1% ya zitsulo, ankaona kuti akhale olemera kwambiri mu vanadium. Pambuyo kulekana kwa chitsanzo msanganizo wa chitsulo ndi vanadium ndi anasamutsidwa mu njira kulimbikira. Kuchokera pamenepa anali olekanitsidwa ndi acidification wa vanadate sodium, imene kenako analandira nyemba kwambiri wambiri, ndi okhutira zitsulo wa ku 90%.

Ndiye, precipitate izi zouma calcined mu ng'anjo ndi vanadium yafupika boma zachitsulo. Mu mawonekedwe zakuthupi ndi wokonzeka ntchito.

Vanadium - chinthu mankhwala amene mwachilungamo ankagwiritsa ntchito mu makampani. Makamaka mu makina ndi yadothi wa kasakaniza wazitsulo zitsulo. Mukhoza amaonetsera mbali zingapo chachikulu cha ntchito zitsulo.

1. Nsalu makampani.
2. Glassmaking.
3. Kupanga ziwiya zadothi ndi mphira.
4. Kujambula ndi makampani varnish.
5. Kukonzekera ndi kaphatikizidwe mankhwala (sulphate kupanga).
6. Kupanga nyukiliya.
7. Ndege ndi shipbuilding, makina zomangamanga.

Vanadium - lofunika kwambiri alloying chigawo kwa kupanga kuwala, wamphamvu, dzimbiri zosagwira kasakaniza wazitsulo, zitsulo makamaka. Nzosadabwitsa ilo likutchedwa "zitsulo msewu."