Mphamvu - ndi ... kuthekera ndi kayendedwe mphamvu. ndi mphamvu mu sayansi chiyani?

Mphamvu - izi ndi kuti palibe moyo padziko lathuli, komanso m'chilengedwe chonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo zikhoza kukhala zosiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kutentha, phokoso, kuwala, magetsi, microwaves, zopatsa mphamvu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphamvu. Pakuti njira zonse chikuchitika ife, m'pofunika mankhwala. Ambiri mwa mphamvu zonse za Padziko amalandira dzuwa, koma pali zina za izo. Dzuwa amatumiza dziko ake monga mmene akanati anayamba nthawi yomweyo 100 miliyoni mu mphamvu amphamvu kwambiri.

mphamvu ndi chiyani?

chiphunzitso atapereka Albertom Eynshteynom, timaphunzira ubale wa zinthu ndiponso mphamvu. wasayansi wamkulu uyu anali wokhoza wokhoza yousinthira mankhwala wina ndi mzake. Anamuuza kuti mphamvu ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuti kuli matupi, ndi nkhaniyo ndi sekondale.

Mphamvu - ndi mokulira, mphamvu ya kuchita ntchito ina. Zinali iye amene waima kumbuyo mfundo mphamvu zotha kusuntha thupi kapena kuupereka katundu watsopano. Kodi mawu akuti "mphamvu"? Physics - ndi sayansi achikhazikitso, amene pamoyo wake, asayansi ambiri kuchokera Nthawi osiyana ndi mayiko. Aristotle ntchito mawu akuti "mphamvu" kutanthauza kuti zochita za anthu. Kumasulira kwa Greek "mphamvu" - izi ndi "ntchito", "mphamvu", "kanthu" "Mphamvu". Nthawi yoyamba kuti mawu amenewa amapezeka mu lonena za katswiri Greek otchedwa "Physics".

M'lingaliro ochiritsira, ndi tsopano akuti wakhala anayambitsa English sayansi Thomas Young. awo zimenezi zinachitika kutali 1807. Mu 50 ntchentche za m'ma XIX. English injiniya Uilyam Tomson koyamba anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "kayendedwe engergiya" ndipo mu 1853 ku Scotland sayansi Uilyam Renkin anayambitsa akuti "kuthekera mphamvu".

Panopa, ndi kuchuluka scalar alipo m'madera onse a sayansi. Ndi wamba muyeso wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuyenda ndi anzake a zinthu. M'mawu ena, ndi muyeso wa kutembenuka kwa mtundu wina ndi mzake.

Mayunitsi ndi zizindikiro

Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu amayezedwa joules (J). Izi gulu lapadera, malingana ndi mtundu wa mphamvu akhoza kukhala mayina osiyanasiyana, monga:

• W - okwana mphamvu ya mapeto.
• Q - kutentha.
• U - angathe.

mitundu ya mphamvu

Mu chikhalidwe, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphamvu. The akuluakulu ndi:

• mawotchi;
• mu atomu;
• magetsi;
• mankhwala;
• matenthedwe;
• nyukiliya (atomiki).

Pali mitundu ina ya mphamvu: kuwala, phokoso, maginito. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ambiri a sayansi, asayansi timakonda ku amanena kuti kuli otchedwa "mdima" mphamvu. Aliyense wa mitundu pamwamba wa mankhwala ali makhalidwe yake. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu phokoso amatha imafalikiranso kudzera mwa mafunde. Amathandiza kuti pakutchulidwa wa kugwedera likalowa m'makutu mwa khutu la anthu ndi nyama, amene mungathe kumva phokoso. M'kupita kwa zochita zosiyanasiyana mankhwala kumasula mphamvu wofunikila moyo wa zamoyo zonse. Aliyense mafuta, mankhwala chakudya, mabatire, mabatire ndi kusunga mphamvu ichi.

kuwala kwathu amapereka mphamvu dziko mu maonekedwe a mafunde mu atomu. Njira yokha yomwe iwo akhoza kuthana ndi kukula kwa chilengedwe ndi. Ndiyamika zamakono monga mapanelo dzuwa, tingazigwiritse ntchito bwino kwambiri. Owonjezera mphamvu makuponi amasungidwa energohranilischah wapadera. Pamodzi ndi mitundu pamwamba mphamvu Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito akasupe ikukhudzana mitsinje, mafunde a m'nyanja, biofuels.

mphamvu mawotchi

Mtundu wa mphamvu anaphunzira ku nthambi ya sayansi amatchedwa "zimango". Iwo amaimira kalata E. Zake muyeso ikuchitika joules (J). Kodi mphamvu imeneyi? Physics maphunziro okonza zoyenda matupi ndi anzake wina ndi mnzake kapena ndi minda kunja. The mphamvu chifukwa lamulo la matupi, wotchedwa kayendedwe (amaimira akuti ek), ndi mphamvu chifukwa mogwirizana kwa matupi kapena minda kunja, wotchedwa ndi kuthekera (E). Kuchuluka kuyenda ndi anzake ndi okwana mawotchi mphamvu ya mapeto.

Pakuti mawerengedwe a mitundu onse pali lamulo. Kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu koyenera kuwerengera ntchito wofunikila kusinthika kwa thupi ku boma ziro kwa dziko lino. Kwakukulu ntchito, mphamvu koposa ndi thupi mu boma.

Unbundling zizindikiro zosiyana

Pali mitundu ingapo ya kugawikana mphamvu. Pa malo zosiyana lagawidwa: Link (kayendedwe ndi kuthekera) ndipo mkati (mawotchi, ikukhudzana atomu, nyukiliya yokoka). mphamvu mu atomu ndi nayenso ogaŵikana maginito ndi magetsi ndi nyukiliya - ankachita mphamvu ofooka ndi amphamvu.

kayendedwe

Aliyense thupi kusuntha kusiyana ndi kukhalapo kwa mphamvu kayendedwe. Amangonena kuti - galimoto. mphamvu ya thupi zokwawa, chimatayika pamene liwiro. Choncho, mofulumira liwiro, ndi mphamvu zambiri kayendedwe.

Pa kukhudzana za thupi kusamukira chinthu n'kupuma opatsirana gawo lotsiriza la mphamvu kayendedwe, ndi kutsogolera mu filimu. Kayendedwe mphamvu chilinganizo chiri motere:

• E _kuti = MV ^2: 2,
  kumene mamita - unyinji wa thupi, vesi - liwiro la kayendedwe ka thupi.

Mawu a chilinganizo izi tingasonyezere motere: mphamvu kayendedwe kwa chinthu chofanana ndi mankhwala theka la misa ndi m'bwalo la mathamangidwe ake.

kuthekera

Mtundu uwu wa mphamvu ndi thupi, amene ali mmunda uliwonse wa mphamvu. Choncho, maginito zimachitika ngati chinthu chimene mchikakamizo cha maginito ilipodi. Onse matupi ndi pansi, timatha yokoka mphamvu.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa katundu wa zinthu akhale zosiyanasiyana mphamvu zogonjetsera mavutowo. Choncho, ndinapirira ndi zotanuka thupi zomwe angathe Tambasula ndi zotanuka kuthekera mphamvu kapena mavuto. Aliyense thupi kugwa, limene kale mapulani wotaya kuthekera ndi amapeza mphamvu kayendedwe. Mtengo wa mitundu awiriwa adzakhala ofanana. M'munda wa Mphamvu ndi kuthekera chilinganizo mphamvu lathuli adzakhala motere:

• E _N = mhg,
  kumene mamita - thupi; H - kutalika kwa malo a thupi misa pamwamba mlingo ziro; ga - mathamangitsidwe yokoka.

Mawu a chilinganizo izi tingasonyezere motere: mphamvu ndi kuthekera kwa chinthu kuti interacts ndi Lapansi, ndi mankhwala a misa, mathamangitsidwe chifukwa yokoka ndi kutalika pa imene ili.

Izi kuchuluka scalar ndi khalidwe mphamvu malo zinthu mfundo (thupi), ili mu munda angathe mphamvu Ndi m'mithunzi kupeza mphamvu kayendedwe kudzera mu ntchito za mphamvu kumunda. Nthawi zina amatchedwa ntchito za ndondomeko, ndilo liwu loti dongosolo langranzhiane (Lagrange zazikulu dongosolo ntchito). dongosolo limeneli limafotokoza mogwirizana awo.

The mphamvu angathe ukugwira kuti ziro ena masanjidwe wa matupi oyenerera danga. Configurable anatsimikiza mayiko kuwerengetsera zina ndipo amatchedwa "normalization wa mphamvu zogonjetsera mavutowo."

Chilamulo cha kusamala mphamvu

Imodzi mwa mfundo zofunika za sayansi ndi chilamulo cha kusamala mphamvu. Malinga ndi iye, mphamvu Kodi osadzuka balamanthu ndipo si kutha. Izo zonse apita mtundu wina ndi mzake. M'mawu ena, chabe kusintha mphamvu kumachitika. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala mphamvu ya batire tochi ili n'kukhala mphamvu ngati zamagetsi, ndipo Kuchokera m'menemo - mu kuunika ndi kutentha. Various zipangizo zamagetsi mtima kwa kuwala, kutentha kapena phokoso. Nthawi zambiri, mapeto chifukwa cha kusintha kutentha ndi kuwala. Pambuyo pake, mphamvu zipita malo ozungulira.

Mphamvu Act akhoza kufotokoza zambiri zochitika thupi. Akatswiri a sayansi amanena kuti buku okwana zonse zake yotsalayo zonse. Palibe angalenge kapena kuwononga mphamvu kachiwiri. Wobala wina wa mitundu yake, anthu ntchito mafuta mphamvu ya mathithi atomu. Motero mtundu zake n'kukhala wina.

Mu 1918, asayansi anatha kutsimikizira kuti chilamulo cha kusamala mphamvu ndi zotsatira masamu a translational chosokonekera nthawi - mating mfundo mphamvu. M'mawu ena, mphamvu kokhazikika chifukwa malamulo a sayansi musati amasiyana pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana.

mphamvu Features

Mphamvu - ndi luso thupi ntchitoyo. M'magulu chatsekedwa thupi ndi anakhalabe mu nthawi (mpaka dongosolo chatsekedwa) ndi Bwaloli ndi limodzi mwa integrals zitatu zowonjezera zoyenda asayambe mtengo pamene galimoto. Zikuphatikizapo: mphamvu, patsogolo, patsogolo. The oyamba a lingaliro la "mphamvu" ndi wofunika pamene dongosolo thupi homogeneous nthawi.

The mphamvu mkati mwa matupi

Bwaloli Uwerenge mphamvu ya ankachita ndi maselo ndi matenthedwe zoyenda wa mamolekyulu kupanga izo. Izo sizingakhoze anayeza mwachindunji, chifukwa ntchito yapadera boma dongosolo. Nthawi zonse njira ndi M'boma lino, mphamvu zake mkati n'kopindulitsa chibadidwe, kaya mbiri ya dongosolo. Kusintha mu mphamvu mkati mwa kusintha kwa boma thupi kwa wina ndi nthawi wofanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa mfundo za limati chikutha ndi koyamba.

The mphamvu mkati mwa mafuta

Kuwonjezera zolimba, mpweya ndi mphamvu ndi. Ndi mphamvu kayendedwe cha kutentha (mwachisawawa) zoyenda la tinthu dongosolo, monga ma atomu, mamolekyu, ma elekitironi, phata. The mphamvu mkati ya mafuta abwino (mpweya masamu lachitsanzo) ndi Uwerenge mphamvu kayendedwe wa particles ake. Izi amaganizira chiwerengero cha madigiri ufulu, ndiwo chiwerengero cha zosintha ufulu umene kudziwa udindo wa mamolekyulu mu mlengalenga.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu

Chaka chilichonse, anthu alipo wonyeketsa mphamvu zambiri. Nthawi zambiri, kupeza mphamvu kuunikira ndi Kutentha nyumba zathu, magalimoto ndi ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, ntchito malasha chimasanduka monga malasha, mafuta ndi gasi. Iwo chuma sanali zongowonjezwdwa.

Mwatsoka, mbali yaing'ono chabe ya mphamvu opangidwa pa dziko pogwiritsa ntchito chuma zongowonjezwdwa monga madzi, mphepo ndi dzuwa. Pakali pano, ntchito yawo mphamvu zochepa 5%. Wina 3% ya anthu alandire mu mawonekedwe a mphamvu za nyukiliya opangidwa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya.

chuma Non-zongowonjezwdwa ndi m'matangadza zotsatirazi (mu joules)

• mphamvu nyukiliya - 2 × ^{24 October;}
• mphamvu ya mpweya ndi mafuta - 2 x 10 ^23;
• kutenthetsa internally dziko - 5 × ^{20 October.}

Mtengo wa pachaka wa chuma zongowonjezwdwa a Dziko Lapansi:

• dzuwa mphamvu - 2 × ^{24 October;}
• Mphepo - 6 × ^{21 October;}
• Mtsinje - 6.5 x 10 ^19;
• mafunde - 2.5 × ^{23 October.}

Only ndi kusintha yake ku nkhokwe sanali zongowonjezwdwa mphamvu za umunthu zongowonjezwdwa lapansi ali ndi mwayi kwa moyo wautali ndiponso wachimwemwe padziko lathuli. Kugwiritsa chitukuko patsogolo asayansi padziko lonse kupitiriza mosamala katundu osiyanasiyana a mphamvu.