Wambiri Puankare Anri. Kungoganizira Anri Puankare

Jules-Anri Puankare - waluntha wasayansi, mbiri yotakata ntchito zomwe amalembedwa chopereka yaikulu ambiri m'madera a sayansi, masamu ndi zimango. Munthu ameneyu, anakhala woyambitsa wa njira Mkhalidwe wa mtunda ndi chiphunzitso cha maikwezhoni masiyanidwe, analenga maziko a chiphunzitso cha mtendere wa apaulendo. "Science ndi kungoganizira" Anri Puankare - ntchito, zomwe wakhala tingachipeze powerenga, kuphunzira ndi ana onse mayunivesite luso.

sayansi

Nkhani Poincare kale mapepala Einstein wa muli mawu a chakudya yaikulu ya chiphunzitso cha relativity. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo ya relativity, ndi relativity ndi maganizo simultaneity, kalunzanitsidwe wotchi chizindikiro kuwala, Lorentz, wosasintha kuwala kumayendera, kugwirizana kwa Maxwell maikwezhoni, ndi ena ambiri.

Puankare Anri anakamba chizindikiro njira kakang'ono ndipo anagwiritsa ntchito mavuto mu zimango lakumwamba, iye nayenso anaphunzira Baibulo paokha tingachipeze powerenga vuto atatu thupi. Ngakhale mu nzeru anatha kulenga malangizo zatsopano, wotchedwa conventionalism.

ubwana

Malo wasayansi wamkulu mu Lorraine mu Nancy ku France April 29, 1854. atate wake - Leon Puankare - nthawi kuti adakali wamng'ono kwambiri, koma kale odziwika mu mzinda ndi ozungulira malo ndi dokotala chakuti anali wotanganidwa zasayansi maphunziro ndi lectured pa Medical la Yunivesite. mayi wake - Eugenia - kulera ana. Mtsikanayo sanazichite nkhawa momwe pang'ono Jules-Anri Puankare: amangosamala wake ndi nthawi kunamveka ponseponse.

Mayi sanali kudziwa kuti akusowa Izi zikusonyeza kobadwa nako kuperekedwa ngati maganizo kwambiri mumtima ndi zina kwathunthu kuchokera ku chenicheni. Ndiponso, diphtheria ndi Anri Puankare kuthi latsopano khalidwe - kugwirizana za mawu zikumveka ndi mitundu ina. Nthawi zina ana (makamaka wosayankhula ndi chikhalidwe) ndi khalidwe limeneli. Anri Puankare anapitiriza kulankhula ndi moyo.

kunyumba sukulu

Iye chinkhoswe ndi mwana wophunzira weniweni ndi munthu wa maphunziro lonse, mphunzitsi anabadwa - Alphonse Gintselin. Kuwonjezera pa galamala, mbiri, malo ndi zamoyo mnyamata msanga katswiri onse anayi ntchito masamu ndipo anakhala zosavuta kuwerenga mu malingaliro anu. Mphunzitsi ntchito iye sanasiye iwo kulemba chirichonse, kotero kale kwambiri Makutu chikumbukiro mwana anakula ndi kulimbikitsidwa. Mwa njira, fixation mwatsatanetsatane za zimene anatulukira Sanasangalale, kalata anali kulimbikira osasamalidwa. Unapita mu njira opanda.

lyceum

Aphunzitsi nansiyskom Lyceum wokondwa kuti amaphunzira Nditchimo ndi wakhama wophunzira monga Puankare Anri. Iye ali wabwino kunyumba maphunziro amenewa, amene nthawi yomweyo anayamba kuphunzira mu sitandade chachiwiri. essays Zokongola olembedwa, masamu, aponso, izo zinali zosavuta, koma chikondi wapadera kwa iye, sanabadwe anamvera.

zaka zochepa kenako Puankare Anri mayi anabwera mphunzitsi kukwiya ndi mwana wake ananenera kwambiri masamu m'tsogolo. Koma, ngakhale, mnyamata anapitiriza maphunziro ake a dipatimenti mabuku ndi kusakatula ndi Latin ndi zapamwamba wakale. Owolowa manja luso maphunziro wasayansi wamkulu kwa zaka sikisitini anali kuposa zonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo panali zochitika za tanthauzo lalikulu mu moyo osati France komanso lonse la Europe: wa Franco-Prussian nkhondo ndi wa Paris kulankhula.

yunivesite

Kawiri kukhala BA (Language Tirhana na Sciences), Puankare Anri anayamba kuphunzira masamu pulayimale - tsopano kwenikweni wonse. Ndipo masamu, ndipo ajebura ndi kusanthula masamu - zonsezi sverhseroznaya mabuku wasayansi ngati azichitira, iye kwenikweni savored mzera uliwonse Rouche analemba, Bertrand, Sala, Duhamel iye. masamu pulayimale iye Choncho ndinaphunzira pa chaka.

Ecole polytechnique

Pofuna ntchito m'boma kapena mu nkhondo yabwino malo luso, Puankare Anri anadzakhala wophunzira wa Ecole Polytechnique, kumene, mosakaika, anali kutsogolera ana asukulu loyamba pafupifupi onse olamuliridwa. Iye sanachite bwino zojambula, sketching, ndiponso zochita nkhondo.

Mu zojambula wake, mwachitsanzo, panalibe kufanana kapena converging, kumene iwo ankayenera kuti akhale, kapena ngakhale monga mizere molunjika. Koma mu sayansi, umagwirira ndi masamu, iye anali amphamvu kuti anzake sanapezeke. Nditamaliza maphunziro ku Ecole Polytechnique tsogolo wasayansi wamkulu anapitiriza maphunziro ake pa Phiri, amene kale kwambiri kufufuza kwenikweni.

sukulu ya Mines

Mfundo zomwe kuwafunafuna ndi kupeza njira mwa mawunikidwe ake pa maphunziro ake ku sukulu ya Mines, mu zaka zingapo adzakhala maziko a nkhani yolembedwa digirii. Zonse zimene sizinali masamu, iye watha kukhala zosangalatsa, kupatulapo mineralogy chimodzi chokha. Ndipo ngakhale mineralogy ndi gawo ake okhudza crystallography. Chifukwa zonse adadziwa ndi nthawi Anri Puankare sayansi, loach vilos padziko chiphunzitso cha magulu, kumene kinematics wa zolimba kuphatikiza crystallography - mmodzi wa mfundo zikuluzikulu za ntchito nthambi ili la masamu, pamene pafupifupi chabe. Choncho nkhani yolembedwa linalembedwa. Iye walandira kulandira ulemu zambiri zochokera kwa aphunzitsi ndi asayansi. nkhani yolembedwa wapereka ufulu wophunzitsa mayunivesite, kuposa munthu wina wamkulu ndipo anatenga nthawi ntchito pa kameredwe Vesoul m'migodi lapansi. Mu 1979, Anri Puankare University, anafika ku Cannes kuphunzitsa kusanthula masamu.

Yofunika 1881

Mu 1881, ambiri odalirika sayansi French magazini lofalitsidwa nkhani ntchito Poincare Fuchsian, amene anali yojambula mu sayansi ya masamu. Pa zaka ziwiri zikubwerazi, panali nkhani kuposa twente-faifi. masamu European anayamba kuwayang'anira mosamala khwerero la nyenyezizo latsopano masamu.

ntchito Fuchsian wodzipereka kwa nkhani zina zisanu, omwe anali weniweni sayansi anapeza. Ngakhale madzi akuya kwambiri mu masamu mu 1881 ndi Jules-Anri Puankare nayo nthawi kugwa m'chikondi, kukwatira ndi kusamuka ndi banja lake ku Normandy kuti Paris kuyamba kuphunzitsa pa yunivesite.

Paris

Mu yunivesite likulu la asayansi achinyamata maphunziro aakulu anayi ikuchitika ndi kulemekeza masiyanidwe maikwezhoni, zokhotakhota yofunika mfundo zawo mmodzi ndi m'zinthu malire, woimira nthambi yatsopano ya masamu ndi sayansi. Puankare Anri twente-seveni wosankhidwa amene analemba mabuku anaonekera mu mabuku, kupuma n'kukhutira wathu sanatero, chifukwa njira Mkhalidwe chiphunzitso diffentsialnyh maikwezhoni mpaka palibe amene anachita. Izi wosanjikiza wachibadidwe latsopano la masamu chofunika liwunikidwenso: njira ya chizindikiro ang'ono ndi chiphunzitso cha invariants integral, ndi chiphunzitso cha mtendere wa maikwezhoni masiyanidwe mu magawo ang'ono ndi zinthu koyamba.

Kale mu 1886, Anri Puankare anakhala mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti ya sayansi masamu ndi chiphunzitso Mwina pa yunivesite ya Paris, ndipo mu 1887 anali osankhidwa membala wa French Academy of Sciences. Oyamba anatsatira atulukira: chiphunzitso cha ntchito automorphic, combinatorial mtunda, masiyanidwe Masamu, algebraic mtunda, chiphunzitso Mwina, kusanthula zinchito , ndi zina zinthu zambiri salinso chinsinsi kwa Puankare Anri.

wasayansi

Atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena Phokoso la sayansi chilinganizo masamu ndi chiphunzitso cha funde kafalitsidwe (mapindidwe akuwala), vuto kutentha conduction, chiphunzitso cha lingathe, ndi chowaloleza za mfundo za Dirichlet - uyu si onse amene anali ankafufuza, analola natsimikizira wasayansi ndi luso kanthawi kakafupi nthawi. Monga mwana, kuona spellbound mu kuya kwa nyenyezi usiku, ndipo tsopano wamkulu Poincare ankadziwa kuti zakuthambo osati kupereka kuwala kuona anthu diso achithupithupi, koma winayo, wochenjera, angalongosolere maganizo. "Science ndi kungoganizira" Anri Puankare - ntchito, waunikira nkhani zambiri zokhudza maganizo anthu zodabwitsa sayansi.

Mu 1889, analandira mphoto lonse pa ntchito yake pa "zimango lakumwamba" zakuthambo atatu thupi, Mwambi wa amene anali ngati chingwe cha ndakatulo wakale Latin: Nunquam praescriptos transibunt sidera ndalama - "Musati kudutsa malire malangizo a dziko." liwunikidwenso a m'dera lino zinachititsa ndemanga atatu a buku "New njira okonzera lakumwamba", anakhala tingachipeze powerenga za kafukufuku wa sayansi, osati zakuthambo ndi zimango, koma mu zimango kwadzidzidzi ndi sayansi zowerengera. Chifukwa, Professor Puankare Anri pa Sorbonne, anaitanidwa kupita dipatimenti okonzera lakumwamba kumeneko, ndipo anavomera. zaka khumi kuphunzira chiphunzitso cha Mwina ndi sayansi masamu pa Paris zapita ngati tsiku limodzi.

pachimake

Ntchito Puankare Anri "Science ndi kungoganizira" linasindikizidwa mu 1902 ndipo amatchedwa mabwalo sayansi yaikulu kumveka, kuyambira wasayansi analemba koposa zonse, ndi kuzindikira kuti palibe mtheradi chilichonse - kapena malo kapena nthawi, anthu kumva kayendedwe wachibale kwambiri, mpaka pamene iwo anamva osiyana. Anasankha yekha mawotchi kuti mfundo, ndi anthu opanda sanali Euclidean Masamu sangathe amatengedwa kuti ndi sayansi.

Pa moyo wa Poincaré muli mitundu yonse ya maudindo, mphoto ndi mphatso, izo chikutchedwa Institute Paris wa Masamu ndi Chigwa chachikulu (mdima) mbali ya mwezi.