Wambiri Starodum. Comedy Denisa Ivanovicha Fonvizina "Oaf"

Izi kusewera wotchuka Fonvizin linalembedwa ndi iye mu 1782. Comedy ngwazi anali anthu a strata osiyanasiyana a anthu olemekezeka XVIII atumwi, serfs, akuluakulu a boma ndi wochita-zayekha mphunzitsi mafashoni. Pamaso timasonyeza bwino mutu wa "Wambiri Starodum" kukhazikika pang'ono pa anthu a nyumba Prost, chifukwa ndi iwo onse anayamba.

Prost

Choncho, Amene akutchulidwa kwambiri m'nkhaniyi: ignoramus - Mitrofanushka sikisitini - ndi amake, Ms. Prost, umene uli waukulu zoipa khalidwe la ntchito. Ndi wankhanza ndi capricious, ndipo akufuna kukwatira mwana wake wosadziŵa Mitrofan, amene sasamala mwamtheradi zonse. Sakonda mayi ake, koma kunyengezera chifukwa chikhalidwe zamphamvu.

Prost, kuphunzira kuti mphwanga ake Sophia mwamuna (yabwino kwambiri ndi ophunzira munthu) anakhala wolandira ndalama zochuluka chachikulu, chimene iye bequeaths amalume ake wapatali Starodum anagwirizana chilichonse chimene kumukwatira kuti Mitrofanushka wake aulesi. Komabe Starodum achibale yaitali anamuika m'manda, ndipo tsopano kuyambira kwambiri dzina lake likuchokera patsogolo. The Prost nyumba yonse kuyamba misala chifukwa cha cholowa cha Sofia, pambuyo 10,000 - kuchuluka pa nthawi imeneyo si amapusitsa. Starodum anali ndani ndi kumene anachokera?

Wambiri Starodum

The Mnjira kusewera Fonvizin Starodum anapereka mmodzi wa womveka ndi zilembo kwambiri positive. Iye anakhala otsatira ake. Inde, ntchito "The Minor" anakhudzidwa kwambiri za ndale, chikhalidwe, maphunziro ndi makhalidwe abwino.

Wolemba makamaka masamba funso lofuna ngati Starodum Mwenechiroache mundu, koma amadziwika kuti si anagwidwa yachifumu kenako anapita ku Siberia. Mu mawu ake a ngwazi, palibe ndalama, popanda kusintha mu chikumbumtima, si meanly Buck osati zikatichitikira dziko, mumapezera iwo m'dziko chosaona chinyengo ndipo popravosudnee anthu, ndi chifukwa cha khama lawo kulipira moona woona ndi waumataya.

"Ntchito otchuka"

Fonvizin malonda Starodum amasonyeza mchitidwe weniweniwo wa moyo chuma anthu otchuka Russian, chidwi pambuyo pa wolemba French anamasulira lonena amatchedwa "kunenerera otchuka protivupolozhennoe otchuka ankhondo."

Starodum mbiri ananena kuti Polemeretsedwa migodi ya golide, cholinga chake chinali choti tsogolo wabwino mwana wa kokha ndi okondedwa - Sofyushki. Maganizo Starodum anzeru ndi zamtengo wapatali, akamuuza iye kuti adapanga chikhalidwe choterocho, kuti akhoza amalola kukwatira, ngakhale anthu osauka, koma chinthu chachikulu - munthu wa khalidwe labwino. Iye sakunena kulumikiza bwino mphwanga kwa umwini wa serfs lyudom.

Ndipo palibe mwangozi: Fonvizin analemba sewerolo ngati kamodzi mu kanthawi, pamene Russia anayesetsa kuphunzira kuchokera wamba nkhondo ya 1773-1775. ndipo anaganizirapo zimayambitsa, omwe pafupifupi anatsogolera ang'onoang'ono-lolemera boma ku m'chiwonongeko ndi chitayiko. Komabe, kupondereza chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa anthu, boma la Catherine II olemekezeka Chilimbikitsidwabe ndipo anam'patsa mwayi wa kalasi olamulira. anthu osauka pamaso pa lamulo anayang'ana kwambiri wopanda mphamvu ndi osatetezeka. Mu sewerolo "The Minor" nkhani zimenezi ndale akhala pachimake kwambiri ndi apakhungu.

Free-maganizo, chosintha ndi wokonzanso

Wambiri Starodum, iyeyo ndi kumuuza interlocutors wake, makamaka Pravdina ndi Milo, muli nkhani izo, kuti iye anali ndi zaka 60. dzina lake limasonyeza kuti iye amatsatira mfundo za nyengo ya zaka - nyengo ya Peter I. Starodum ndinakumbukira mawu a bambo ake, omwe ankanena zinali zonse zimene mufunika kukhala ndi mtima ndi moyo, ndi UDZAKHALADI munthu nthawi iliyonse.

Mu sewero ili satirical Starodum imapezeka pa mapeto a kachitidwe koyamba. Pamodzi ndi Pravdin Milon ndipo kumatha Sophia Prostakova nkhanza ndi amapereka amayesa kulera mbuli wopusa Mitrophan.

Makhalidwe Starodum ananena kuti mtima wake ali wokonzanso kwambiri ndi chosintha. Iye watopa ndi boma chilungamo, kumene choonadi ndi utumiki chilungamo kale devalued, chirichonse anaganiza ndi kulankhulana prisposoblennichestvo ndi servility. Education Starodum saloledwa mwakachetechete tione mmene ena mwa mabwenzi ake apamtima mochenjera ndi impudence anafuna wake. Ndicho chifukwa iye anasiya utumiki, chifukwa sanali kuyang'ana kwambiri ngati m'maudindo ang'onoang'ono sali anthu ofanana, koma ophunzira ndi woyenera kukhala kunja pakhomo.

aphorisms Starodum

Zikomo kuti mtima wake, maphunziro ndi maphunziro abwino, izo akulengeza mfundo za boma, komwe malamulo onse ulamuliro ndi wololera komanso chilungamo.

Ndipotu ina chidwi n'chakuti aphorisms Starodum chidwi chifukwa chakuti iye akunena chinthu chabwino kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, kuti ambiri ŵakusanga popanda moyo amakhala ochenjera achisoni cholengedwa. Iye sanayambe matayala chobwereza kuti maphunziro a olemekezeka a - nkhani ya boma. Ndipo apa ayenera m'gulu maphunziro a mtima ndi malingaliro. Pa nthawi yomweyo Chilombocho maphunziro a mtima mu malo oyamba.

Starodum khalidwe limasonyeza kuti zolungama, yosavuta okonda ndi kuzindikira. Onse yoola banja Prost amaona padiso ndi kunena chirichonse chimene iye akuganiza za iwo.

The kuyamba

Mu sewerolo "The Minor" Fonvizin anapereka view lake la "anthu oona mtima" ndi kuyang'anila zimene ayenera kutengera pa moyo wawo. Ndipo kotero fano la Starodum apa si mwangozi. Staging "Nedorosl" zifukwa zoonekeratu, izo anachedwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Mwadzidzidzi anagwa "zoipa" Boom, mwa chimene iwo amene anapezeka mu sewerolo mu mawonekedwe mopanda tsankho, sangalepheretse kuchoka ake. Ndipo, zikuoneka, Fonvizin nayenso amachita ogula wamphamvu kuchotsa zotchinga zonse.

Mu 1782, September 24, ndi kuyamba wa sewerolo akadali unachitikira pa siteji ya St. Petersburg pa Free Russian zisudzo. Motsogoleredwa ndi woyambitsa wa ntchito. Ndipo, powumbidwa zokwanira, sewerolo analibe kusintha syllable wosakwatiwa, kunali bwino loti.

Mmodzi mwa anthu amene anaona nduna yaikulu ananena kuti anthu ena zithunzi azithunzithunzi otchedwa zakanthawi kuseka, koma zithunzi kwambiri ndi ludzu lalikulu ndi kumvetsera mwachidwi omvera onse a boma, amene anakonda pamene akupangira ndi ndemanga pa kufooka aboma ndi nkhanza za miyambo ina ya nthawi. The play, chifukwa cha liveliness wa kukambirana, nthabwala, aphorisms, chidwi makoti ndi chikhalidwe maphunziro, kwathandiza ena kuwona Prost, amene ndiye anathamangitsidwa m'nyumba zawo lzhepedagogov mtundu Vralmana ndi Tsyfirkin.

Pomaliza

The kusewera "The Minor" anali yekhayo okhazikika bwino m'dziko lonse sewero Russian za m'ma XVIII. Mu m'badwo wa classicism iye anadzudzula miyambo lolemera kulera, "nkhanza" ndi "zlonravie" otchuka zigawo. zilembo zonse bwino ogaŵikana zabwino ndi zoipa, monga umanena maina awo: Staro, PRAVDIN, Prost, Skotinin etc ...