World ndalama: chikhalidwe chawo ndi ntchito

Kuyambira kale, ndalama dziko yoperekedwa kulipira katundu ndi ntchito amapangidwa m'dziko lachilendo. Chotero, amakhala maziko a mapangano lonse. Kwa nthawi yaitali ndalama dziko wakhala anasonyeza mu zitsulo, ie, zimene takambirana okha zitsulo ndalama, wakukonzerani mitundu wapatali.

Koma mu kasinthidwe ubale chuma Ndalama monga maziko ndalama anayima, chifukwa zosayenera ndi mtengo. N'chifukwa chake anakhala olandiridwa nkhani ya ndalama pepala, ulimi umene unali lotsika mtengo kwambiri, koma mtengo uli pafupifupi yafupika.

Panopa ndalama dziko - ndi ndalama ntchito wotuluka lonse. Ambiri ntchito dollar US, ndiye yuro ndipo ndi yen Japanese. Pa nthawi yomweyo, akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha mavuto a dola US sadzatha kukumbukira malo ake kutsogolera. Ambiri mwina, zaka khumi m'malo iyeyo ndi n'chokwana Chinese. Koma pamene uli ndi zilizonse za chuma m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Modern dziko ndalama kutenga njira zotsatirazi:

1. Ndalama, nthawi zambiri ntchito mu ngongole ubwenzi. Kale mu fomu iyi anali ngongole. Komabe, sangathe anali kuti iwo sanathe kutumikira monga njira mawerengedwe ku zoletsedwa ndi abwenzi akunja. Ndipo ndi chilengedwe cha dziko ngongole ndalama ndi mtima wa mayunitsi enieni wotuluka ndalama ya mayiko ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana wosalira zambiri.
2. ndalama International, limene ntchito pamodzi. Pakali pano palibe ndalama sanathe kupambana Championship mu dollar US. adzachita zazikulu ndi zikumangidwa pa yuro ndalama m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Koma, monga taonera kale, dola US akutembenukira pamwamba pa malo alibe analogs.
3. Ndi posachedwapa zinaoneka mawonekedwe, monga Mwambi wina. Iwo sanali ndalama ndalama ntchito m'midzi ndi counterparties yachilendo. Monga zikalata izi amatha kusiyanitsa makalata angongole, madongosolo ndalama, macheke, sheya, zolemba promissory.

Komanso, ndalama dziko amakwaniritsa ntchito yeniyeni.

Dziwani mfundo yoyamba ya ndalama ya dziko lonse kugwira ntchito zachuma. Ubale pakati pa zipani munachita m'mayiko osiyanasiyana makamaka amavutika ndi kufunika kutembenuza ndalama dziko, mwachitsanzo mawerengedwe ntchito chofunika pangano zina pa ndalama makamaka. Ndi kubera ndalama dziko zisudzo zachuma anatha kusonyeza setoff zodzinenera mwagwirizana ndi ngongole, ndi kulipira bwino chifukwa. Panopa, ntchito izi si zachilendo, ndi lalikulu mabanki malonda kugwira wotuluka tsiku masikito.

Koma kuwonjezera pa chuma, ndi kutchula ntchito ndale ndalama dziko ofunika. Iwo ali chida wotumikirapo kuti akwanilitse zolinga zenizeni ndondomeko. Mwachitsanzo, yapakati boma ngongole zina kukakamiza mayiko sankakhala okhulupirika komanso kuchita motsutsana ndi zofuna zawo. Ndipo ena mwa magulu aakulu ndale clamped m'ziwalo ndi vise wa bungwe, obliging iwo kupereka chithandizo kwa States m'mavuto zosakhalitsa.

Mogwirizana ndi defaults ndi mavuto ena mabungwe a zachuma akadali kukhulupirira golide yekha ndi miyala ina yamtengo wapatali. Ndipo zimenezi n'zomveka, chifukwa kwa nthawi yaitali akhala limodzi ndalama dziko ndi ndalama golide. M'kupita kwa nthawi, anali kusamutsidwa midzi International, ndipo m'malo mwa ndalama molimba (ie, dollar kapena yuro). Ngati kale zinali pafupifupi 80% ya golide, koma tsopano chithunzi uyu utachepa ndinasintha ndipo palibe% kuposa 17 mu malo thumba la maiko otukuka. Kumakhudzana ndi chitukuko cha malipiro cashless, ndi kuchepetsa kupanga mu mtengo wa golide ya mayiko kutsogolera.