Wotchuka zatsopano maganizo pa anthu

A zosiyanasiyana zatsopano maganizo, asayansi ayamba mwamsanga cha m'ma 19. Cholakwika ndi anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti udindo wa nkhumba mbira mu maphunziro awa apuma basi ndi nyama. Ophunzira, ndipo nthawi zina anthu kuvutika zatsopano zambiri. Kodi mtundu wa zatsopano zinadziwika ambirimbiri onse anatsikira mu mbiri? Taonani mndandanda wa lofunika kwambiri.

Psychological zatsopano: Albert ndi makoswe

Chimodzi mwa mayesero ambiri maganizo a atumwi wotsiriza unachitikira ndi John Watson mu 1920. Izi zimachitika m'munsi mwa pulofesa wa mumaganiza khalidwe mu maganizo, Yoswa nthawi zambiri kuphunzira phobias chikhalidwe. zatsopano maganizo imachitika Watson, makamaka okhudzana ndi zimene ananena ana maganizo.

Mmodzi wa kafukufuku wake anali wamasiye mnyamata, Albert, amene kumayambiriro zimenezo zinali miyezi 9 okha. Mu chitsanzo chake, ndi pulofesa kumufotokozera kuti phobias zambiri zimachitika anthu ali aang'ono. Cholinga chake chinali kuti Alberta zinachitikira mantha pamaso wa khoswe woyera ndi mwana ankasangalala kusewera.

Ngati mayesero ambiri maganizo, ntchito ndi Albert anatenga nthawi yaitali. Kwa miyezi iwiri, mwana anasonyeza khoswe woyera, kenako limasonyeza zinthu zowoneka yofanana ndi iyo (Thonje, kalulu woyera, ndi ndevu yokumba). Mwanayo analoledwa kubwerera ku masewero awo ndi makoswe ndi. Poyamba, Albert analibe mantha ndi modekha kucheza ndi izo. zinthu zinasintha pamene Watson pa masewera ake ndi chirombo anayamba kumumenya ndi nyundo pa katundu zitsulo, kuchititsa thud mokweza kumbuyo ana amasiye.

Chifukwa, Albert anaopa kukhudza makoswe, mantha silinathe ngakhale pambuyo anapatulidwa kwa nyama sabata. Pamene iye anayamba kusonyeza mnzake wakale, iye analira. A zotani zofanana pamene mwana anasonyeza maonekedwe a zinthu, ofanana ndi nyama. Watson anatha kutsimikizira chiphunzitso chake, koma chonama anakhala ndi Albert moyo wonse.

Kuthana ndi tsankho

Kumene, Albert - si mwana yekhayo amene avala zatsopano wankhanza maganizo. Zitsanzo (ndi ana) kutsogolera mosavuta, nkuti, kuyesera imachitika mu 1970 Dzheyn Elliott amatchedwa "Blue ndi maso bulauni." Sukulu, pansi kuganiza za kuphedwa kwa Martin Luther King, Jr, anaganiza kusonyeza milandu yawo zoopsa za tsankho kuchita. experimental ake anali ophunzira a kalasi lachitatu.

Mkaziyo adaswa kalasi m'magulu, amene mamembala anasankhidwa pamaziko a maso a mtundu (bulauni, buluu, wobiriwira), ndipo kenako anapereka kuchitira ana bulauni-eyed monga mamembala a mtundu wina wosakoma, osati woyenera ulemu. Kumene, kuyesera anali ofunika mphunzitsi wa malo a ntchito, anthu anakwiya. Makalata wokwiya, kuti mphunzitsi wakale, anthu anali kupempha, kodi iye kutero mwankhanza ndi ana woyera.

m'ndende yokumba

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti si onse a kudziwika aakulu zatsopano maganizo pa anthu poyambirira pathupi zimenezi. Pakati pawo malo apadera wotanganidwa ndi ndodo kafukufuku pa Yunivesite ya Stanford, analandira dzina la "ndende yokumba." Asayansi ngakhale amayenera kuti ayese mmene sichikupindulitsani psyche adzakhala "wosalakwa" kuyesera, ikuchitika mu 1971, lomwe linalembedwa ndi Philip Zimbardo.

Zamaganizo anatanthauza ntchito kafukufuku kumvetsa malamulo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu amene ataya ufulu wawo. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, iye anatenga gulu la anthu ongodzipereka wophunzira, wopangidwa mwa mamembala 24, ndiye zokhoma iwo mu chapansi pa dipatimenti kuwerenga maganizo, amene anali kutumikira monga ngati ndende. Theka anadzipereka anatenga udindo Akaidi ena onse anali ngati oyang'anira.

Yodabwitsayi, "akaidi" Iwo anatenga pang'ono ndithu nthawi kumverera ngati mkaidi weniweni. Yemweyo phunziro ophunzira amene ali ndi udindo alonda, anayamba kusonyeza weniweni yankhanza kulingirira nkhanza yambiri Zipatalazo awo. zinachitikira anali udzasokonezedwa kale kuposa anakonza pofuna kupewa zoopsa. anthu onse akhala "ndende" monga pa sabata.

Mnyamata kapena mtsikana

zatsopano maganizo pa anthu amakhala chisoni. Umboni wa zimenezi ndi nkhani zomvetsa chisoni za mnyamata wina wotchedwa Davide Reimer. Kutangoyamba kumene, anamuchita opareshoni zinalephereka wa mdulidwe, chifukwa cha zimene mwana saatha mbolo yake. Iye anapezerapo mwayi wa zamaganizo Dzhon Mani, amene analota kutsimikizira kuti ana sitinabadwe anyamata ndi atsikana, ndi kukhala choncho chifukwa cha maphunziro. Iye anauza makolo kupereka chilolezo kwa kusintha opaleshoni ya kugonana kwa mwana, ndiyeno kuchitira iye monga mwana wamkazi.

Davide wamng'ono dzina lake Brenda, zaka 14 iye anali kuwauza kuti iye ndi nthumwi ya chiwalo chachimuna. Mu unyamata, mnyamata anadyetsedwa esitirojeni, ndi timadzi anafunika yambitsa kukula kwa mawere. Ataphunzira choonadi, anatenga dzina la Bruce anakana kuchita zinthu ngati mtsikana. Akuluakulu Bruce maopaleshoni angapo, cholinga chimene anali kubwezeretsa jenda thupi.

Monga ena ambiri odziwika zatsopano maganizo, uyu anali zotsatira zoipa. Ena nthawi Bruce anali kuyesera oti akhalepo, ngakhale kukwatira ndi kubala ana a mkazi wake. Komabe, mwakayakaya maganizo kuyambira ali sinapite pachabe. Pambuyo ziwembu zingapo zinalephereka kudzipha munthu akadali anapha Iye anafa ali ndi zaka 38 zakubadwa. Anawonongedwa ndi moyo wa makolo ake, omwe amakhudzidwa ndi zimene zikuchitika m'banja. The bambo anakhala chidakwa, mayi ake kudzipha.

Nature chibwibwi

List of zatsopano maganizo, zomwe anawo ophunzira ayenera kupitiriza. Mu 1939, Pulofesa Johnson, mothandizidwa ndi Mariya wophunzira maphunziro, anaganiza kuchita phunziro chidwi. Scientist ananyamuka kutsimikizira kuti chibwibwi ana ndiwo amachititsa mu malo oyamba makolo amene "kutsimikizira" ana awo kuti yachibwibwi.

Kuti phunziro asonkhane Johnson gulu, imene inali ana oposa makumi awiri m'nyumba ana. Ophunzira anaphunzitsidwa kuti ali ndi vuto ndi kulankhula, kutali zenizeni. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, pafupifupi anyamata pa yokha, anayamba musayandikire ena, iwo anabwera chibwibwi. Kumene, pakutha pa phunziro ana anathandiza kuchotsa mavuto kulankhula.

Patapita zaka zambiri, ena mwa mamembala a gulu akhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zimene Pulofesa Johnson, chachikulu malipiro ndalama lolipiridwa ndi Boma la Iowa anali kupereka. Izo zatsimikiziridwa kuti kafukufuku wankhanza wakhala iwo gwero la zoopsa kwambiri.

zinachitikira Milgram a

Palinso zina zosangalatsa maganizo zatsopano pa anthu. List sangakhoze kulephera zathu kafukufuku wotchuka, amene m'zaka chatha anali Stenli Milgrem. Yale University zamaganizo anayesetsa kufufuza maonekedwe a kugwira ntchito kwa mphamvu za limagwirira kugonjera. Wasayansi anayesera kupeza munthu ali kukupatsani kuti zochita uncharacteristic, ngati amalamula munthu amene ali iye wamkulu.

Ophunzira Milgram kuyesera, kuchita ophunzira anu, kuchitira kum'patsa ulemu. Mmodzi wa gulu la (mwana) ayenera kuyankha mafunso ena, alternately zinthu ngati aphunzitsi. Ngati wophunzirayo anali kulakwitsa, mphunzitsiyo kum'menya zodabwitsa magetsi, choncho anapita mpaka nkhaniyi inatha. Pa nthawi yomweyo monga kuphunzira wosewera ankaimba, masewera akudwala kulandira pang'ono panopa zomwe sanakuuzeni ophunzira ena zimenezo.

Monga zatsopano zina maganizo pa anthu, zomwe zalembedwa mu nkhani iyi, chochitika wapereka zotsatira zodabwitsa. ophunzira 40 nawo phunzirolo. Only 16. anagonjera ku mapemphero a wosewera, amene anafunsa kuti asiye kumenya zolakwa panopa, ena anapitiriza bwinobwino Kuyambitsa chiwerengero pomvera lamulo la Milgram. Atamufunsa kuti chimachititsa iwo amayambitsa mavuto mlendo, asakudziwa kuti iye si kwenikweni mu ululu, ophunzira sanapeze yankho. Ndipotu, kuyesera ankasonyeza mbali yoipa ya umunthu.

kafukufuku Landis

Mawaya ndi ofanana zinachitikira Milgram zatsopano maganizo pa anthu. Zitsanzo za maphunziro amenewa ndi m'malo ambiri, koma wotchuka kwambiri ankatha kugula ntchito Carney Landis, chibwenzi ku 1924 .. Zamaganizo chidwi maganizo anthu, anapanga mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano, kuyesa kudziwa zinthu wamba akuti maganizo ena mwa anthu osiyana.

Anthuwo anali makamaka ophunzira, nkhope anali utoto mizere wakuda, nalola view bwino kayendedwe ka minofu nkhope. Ophunzira amaonetsa zipangizo zolaula, kukakamiza kuti sniff zinthu anapatsa ndi fungo chonyansa, kuika manja awo chiwiya wodzazidwa ndi achule.

Mbali ovuta kwambiri zimenezo - kupha makoswe, zomwe gulu anauzidwa kuti panokha decapitate. zinachitikira anapereka zotsatira zodabwitsa, komanso zina zambiri zatsopano maganizo pa anthu zitsanzo za zimene mukuwerenga tsopano. Pafupifupi theka anadzipereka anakanitsitsa kwa mtu wagalu kuti agwire kutaya aphunzitsi, pamene ena kupirira ntchitoyo. anthu wamba amene sanakhalepo akuwonetseredwa analimbikitsa amazunza nyama, kumvera malamulo a mphunzitsiyo anamudula mutu wamoyo makoswe a. Phunziro sanathe kudziwa cholinga kayendedwe nkhope amagwera anthu onse, komabe anasonyeza mbali yoipa ya umunthu.

Kulimbana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha

Mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano wotchuka maganizo sizikanakhala kwathunthu popanda kafukufuku wankhanza, anachita mu 1966. Mu chachikulu kutchuka wabweza kulimbana 60 ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndi chinsinsi kuti anthu m'masiku amenewo, ankachita chidwi ndi amuna okhaokha kapena akazi mokakamiza.

kuyesera linapangidwa mu 1966 pa gulu la anthu amene amaganiziridwa kuti kukhala wotero. Ophunzira Nazo amakakamizidwa kuonera zolaula kapena ayi, pamene akuwalanga chifukwa ndi kukha magetsi. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti zimenezi ayenera kukhala anthu tikamapita ku kukhudzana wolimba ndi kugonana awo. Kumene, anthu onse a gulu analandira kupwetekedwa maganizo, mmodzi wa iwo anamwalira, sanathe kulimbana ambiri a kunyanyala panopa. Sitinathe kutsimikiza kaya bwanji wozengereza zatsopano pa lathu wotero.

Achinyamata ndi zapamwamba

zatsopano maganizo pa anthu mu nyumba zambiri anaika, koma amadziwika ochepa zatsopano zimenezi. Mwamsanga kuphunzira anachita zaka zingapo zapitazo, akalola ophunzira amene anali achinyamata wamba. Asukulu anafunsidwa maola 8 kupereka zipangizo zamakono onse, kuphatikizapo foni, kompyuta, TV. Pankhaniyi, iwo analetsedwa kupita kokayenda, kuwerenga, kudzatunga.

Other maganizo zatsopano (kunyumba) analibe chidwi anthu monga mmene phunziro ili. The zotsatira anasonyeza kuti 8 maola "mtengo" anatha kuchirikiza ophunzira atatu okha. Otsala 65 "mtima wosweka", iwo anali kuganiza za kusiya moyo uno, anakumana ndi amantha. Ana anadandaulanso zizindikiro monga chizungulire, kunyansidwa.

mukuona zotsatira

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti milandu ncthito ungakhalenso polimbikitsa asayansi akafuna kutulukira zinthu m'maganizo. Zitsanzo zenizeni dziko kukumbukira mosavuta Mwachitsanzo, zinachitikira "mukuona zotsatira" munamupereka mu 1968 ndi aphunzitsi awiri. John Bibb ndipo anadabwa kwambiri ndi khalidwe la mboni zambiri amene anaona kuphedwa kwa Kitti Dzhenoveze mtsikana. Upandu chidaperekedwa kutsogolo kwa Anthu ambiri, koma palibe amene sadayeserepo kuletsa wakupha.

John ndi Bibb anaitana anthuwo anali kuthera nthawi zina mu omvera pa University Columbia, anawatsimikizira kuti ntchito yawo ndi kudzaza mapepala. A patatha mphindi zingapo chipinda inadzazidwa ndi utsi vuto lililonse thanzi. Ndiye, kuyesera chomwecho kunachitidwa ndi gulu la anthu atasonkhana kalasi imodzi. Komanso m'malo utsi anali ankagwiritsa pojambula kulira thandizo.

maganizo zatsopano zina, zitsanzo zomwe zapatsidwa m'nkhani, anali zambiri nkhanza koma zinachitikira "mukuona zotsatira" anapita mu mbiri pamodzi ndi iwo. Asayansi anakhazikitsa kuti munthu amene ali yekha, mofulumira kwambiri kupempha thandizo kapena kupereka kuposa gulu la anthu, ngakhale ngati muli anthu awiri kapena atatu okha.

Khalani ngati onse

Mu dziko lathu, ngakhale mu nthawi ya Soviet Union anachita chidwi zatsopano maganizo pa anthu. Soviet Union - Dziko limene kwa zaka zambiri ankakonda osati kuima pa gululo. N'zosadabwitsa kuti zinthu zambiri za nthawi imene anathera kuphunzira chilakolako cha anthu ambiri kuti ngati wina aliyense.

Gulu kafukufuku chidwi maganizo ndi ana a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la 5 anyamata mukupemphedwa kuyesa mpunga phala, kumene maganizo abwino ziwalo zonse timu. ana anayi anadyetsedwa wokoma phala, ndiyeno anabwera kwa membala chachisanu, amene analandira magawo wa zoipa mchere phala. Pamene ana awa anafunsidwa ngati iwo ankakonda mbale, ambiri a iwo anapereka yankho inde. Monga likukhalira, chifukwa izo zisanachitike comrades awo onse anali kutamanda phala, ndi ana anafuna kukhala ngati wina aliyense.

Ankachitika ndi ana ndi zina tingachipeze powerenga zatsopano maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la ophunzira angapo anadzipereka kuti kutcha chakuda woyera piramidi. Only mwana chimodzi atachenjezedwa, iye anafunsidwa za mtundu wa zidole lomaliza. Atakamba mayankho anzake ambiri a ana unwarned ankanena kuti wakuda ndi woyera piramidi, kutsatira njira ya mwinji wa anthu.

Zatsopano ndi nyama

Ndithudi, osati pa anthu zimayikidwa tingachipeze powerenga maganizo zatsopano. Mndandanda wa mayesero ncthito m'gulu nkhani siikanati wathunthu popanda kutchula zinachitikira anyani imachitika mu 1960. kuyesera unkatchedwa "ataye mtima", wolemba wake anali Garri Harlou.

Scientist chidwi vuto la osati chikhalidwe cha munthu anali kufunafuna njira kudziteteza ku izo. Mu kafukufuku wake wa Harlow ine sindigwiritsa ntchito anthu ndi anyani, kapena m'malo achinyamata nyama. ana chidatengedwa kuchokera kwa amake, zokhoma nokha mu chipinda. Ophunzira zimenezo anakhala nyama okha amene kukondana naye kuti sanali chipeneko.

anyani Young pa kudwala chifuniro aphunzitsi a kunachitidwa mu chipinda kwa chaka popanda kupatsidwa lokhoza "gawo" kulankhulana. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ambiri mwa akaidi awa apanga bwino olumala maganizo. Wasayansi anatha kutsimikizira chiphunzitso chake kuti maganizo si kuthandiza ngakhale kuleredwa osangalala. Pa nthawi zotsatira za kafukufuku anapeza negligible. Mu pulofesa zaka 60 analandira makalata ambiri kuchokera kumbali nyama, involuntarily anapanga gulu ozimitsa ufulu wa abale athu otchuka.

anaphunzira kuthedwa nzeru

Kumene, ikuchitika pa nyama ndi zina zatsopano chachikulu maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, chochitika maganizo amatchedwa "anaphunzira kuthedwa nzeru" anali ankachitika mu 1966. Zamaganizo Marc ndi Steve maphunziro awo ntchito agalu. Nyama anatsekeredwa maselo, ndiye iwo amakhala kupweteka ndi mantha panopa, analandira mwadzidzidzi. Pang'ono ndi agalu kusonyeza zizindikiro za "anaphunzira kuthedwa nzeru" zinachititsa mu maganizo. Ngakhale pamene anasamukira ku maselo lotseguka, iwo sanali kuthawa kupitiriza kunyanyala panopa. Nyama amakonda kupirira zowawa, kukhulupirira zinthu zikukhalira ake.

Asayansi apeza kuti khalidwe la agalu m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi khalidwe la anthu amene anali ndi mwayi kangapo kupulumuka kulephera nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Iwo pogwira, okonzeka ndi mwayi ake oipa.