Dzhon Uotson: yonena, zithunzi John B. Watson

Dzhon Brodes Uotson - chithunzi, mbe mu mbiri ya Zochita maganizo. Osati kale pa chiyambi cha m'ma XX, dziko la sayansi anaphunzira za chiphunzitso behaviorism. Ndiye nthawi yomweyo anachititsa zambiri mikangano mu mabwalo zogwirizana, koma anapitiriza kukula. Pa nthawi ino ndi chodziwikiratu kukumana otsatira ake, koma chikoka cha behaviorism yafalikira pafupifupi m'mbali zonse za moyo, ndi luso lake lipitirize ntchito konsekonse.

ubwana

Dzhon Uotson (1878-1958) anabadwira ku South Carolina, m'tauni yaing'ono ya oyenda Mpumulo. atate wake, Paykens Watson ankakhala moyo wosadziletsa, chifukwa cha zimene zinachitika mu nyumba nthawi zonse matenda ndi zoipa sinathe. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti zaka 13 pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa mwana wake bambo ake anasiya banja. Chifukwa, mnyamata anasiya kwambiri maganizo zoopsa. mayi wake Emma anali achipembedzo kwambiri ndi chilengedwe zomwe zachititsa kuti miyambo okhwima kulera ana, komanso kusapezeka pafupifupi ufulu wosankha chitsogozo zina. Ndipo ngati pa 22, Dzhon Uotson mayi ake anamwalira, zikuoneka kuti dziko sanamvepo za chotero zamaganizo wolemekezeka, monga iye ankafunitsitsa kukhala ndi mwana wa ntchito ya wansembe.

achinyamata

Titamaliza mu 1900 Baptist School pa University of Fermanagh, iye anachoka kwawo ndi kupita ku Chicago maphunziro awo lotsatira. Dzhon Uotson atadza pa nthambi m'dera la anthu, koma chifukwa chikhalidwe cha chiphunzitso, nasiya ndi mlangizi sayansi komanso akuyandikira maso kuwerenga maganizo. Patatha zaka 3 yekha, anali kufotokoza nkhani yolembedwa wake digirii pa nkhani ya maphunziro nyama imene imachitika zatsopano angapo makoswe. Kuwonjezera chakuti wamaliza kukhala wophunzira wamng'ono m'mbiri ya m'banja, analandira digiri, komanso ali woyamba amene anathera zikuluzikulu zimenezi ntchito pa makoswe awa. Mfundo imafotokozedwa malo ntchito zina ndi Yohane delimit kafukufuku m'tsogolo.

behaviorism

Patatha zaka ziwiri kuchokera tsiku kukhala dokotala wa sayansi Dzhon Brodes Uotson anaitanidwa kupita dipatimenti wa zamaganizo experimental pa University of Baltimore. Iye anavomera mosavuta, potero kutsegula mwayi koposa kuti kumizidwa mu maphunziro awo ndi zatsopano. Nthawiyi moyo wake chikugwirizana ndi chitukuko cha mfundo imene dzina wasayansi wa m'mbiri ya mbiri. Iye akukhala wolemba ntawiri wa chiphunzitso cha behaviorism, umene mwatsatanetsatane mu Ndondomeko yake yakuti "Psychology pamaso pa behaviorist a." Kuwerenga poyera February 24, 1913, tsiku limene tinganene kuti kubadwa kwa malowa kumanja. Watson akulengeza kwa dziko kuti kuwerenga maganizo ndi cholinga kwambiri sayansi zokhudza munda wa sayansi achilengedwe. Iye amazitsutsa udindo wake panopa ndi phindu, kuti kuphunzira olakwa amadalira dziko wa munthu, maganizo ake. Pamene izo zikanakhala zomveka kuganizira makhalidwe zakunja komanso deta kuti akhoza kutsimikizika experimentally.

ntchito sayansi

Chifukwa zachilendo ya chiphunzitso ndi chitukuko wotsatira, Dzhon Uotson ndi pamwamba pa ukulu ndi asayansi. malipiro ake ndi kuchuluka kawiri, kwa zasayansi akatswiri kuchuluka kukula, ndi ophunzira pofuna nawo nkhani, palibe kumasuka. Mu 1915 anaikidwa ku positi pulezidenti wa American Psychological Association. zaka izi angatchedwe heyday wa behaviorism malangizo. Mabuku otchuka wasayansi kenako kuwonekera mabuku osiyanasiyana, ndipo lolembedwa kunja 2 Magazini ya sayansi yotchedwa. Mu 1914, zolemba ake kudzadza ntchito yofunika kwambiri "Khalidwe: An Kuyamba kwa Psychology poyerekeza," zimene chikumbumtima chinthu zamaganizo ali wokanidwa kwathunthu. chiphunzitso chakuti nayenso tiligwiritse ntchito, ndipo Watson yekha ambuye luso kulamulira khalidwe la munthu.

moyo

Pophunzitsa pa yunivesite ya woyambitsa wa behaviorism anakwatira wophunzira ake Mariya Ickes. Ngakhale kuti banjalo ana awiri, ukwati sitinganene kuti mupambane. Mu 1920, chilakolako wina wa mnyamatayu wasayansi maphunziro anawonongedwa osati kokha ukwati, komanso onse yapamwamba, iye wakhala kumanga kwa zaka zambiri. Mkazi apeza umboni wa chikondi mwamuna makalata ndi kufalitsa iwo womkanikizawo, chimene chinapangitsa kumuyalutsa mofulumira. Kuyambira tsopano, kapena ciphunzitso N'zosachita kufunsa. Chilekano mokweza kwambiri, koma ngakhale, Rozaliya Reyner ndi Dzhon Uotson, chithunzi chimene anapereka m'munsimu, pomwepo m'banja. Chifukwa cha ukwati, wopambana amene m'mbuyomu, anabadwa awiri zambiri Watson anyamatawa. Rosalie dziko lino molawirira kwambiri, pamaso pa mkazi wa zaka 23. John vuto lolemera, koma anapitiriza ntchito. Komabe, kale m'njira ina pang'ono.

ponenera

Monga wophunzira, iye anali nthawi kukaona choyezera, ndi osamalira ndipo ngakhale woperekera zakudya, koma m'tsogolo ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri amatiganizira, chifukwa iye wakhala dziko wotchuka ngati Dzhon Uotson - wowerenga maganizo. Yochititsa manyazi ndi woukira boma anakakamizika iye kukafuna madera atsopano kukhazikitsa, ndipo amasankha zochita yeniyeni ya ntchito chidziwitso adapindulapo. Kukhala zenizeni kwambiri, amasiya ndi mutu mu malonda. Nthawi imeneyo, malowa watsopano chofunika kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane kupeza khalidwe la ulamuliro njira ogula ndi. Ndipo ndi ulamuliro uwu ali ndi malo chapakati mu makampani a maganizo, kotero Yohane mutu wake kumizidwa mu ntchito ya malonda. Iye akuyamba, monga wina aliyense, kuchokera pansi, limodzi la mabungwe a New York pansi pa ulamuliro wa Stanley Rizora. Pamodzi ndi ofuna ena, iye akudutsa magawo onse a ntchito, ngakhalenso ngakhale nzeru zochuluka ndipo sayansi. Kenako loosens mmwamba, kupeza maluso atsopano ndi kwathunthu kumizidwa mu malonda kuwerenga maganizo, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana za ziphunzitso zawo ntchito. Kotero, iye amalowerera kuuka ku Mulingo wa wotsatila mutsogoleli wa kampani ndi kukhala mu udindo uwu kwa zaka zingapo.

Anasiya Watson

Ntchito makampani malonda, Dzhon Uotson akupitiriza zovala mbalume zawo sayansi mu bukhu. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, ndi mibadwo ya m'tsogolo ya zamaganizo ndi theorists kukhalabe ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo "behaviorism", "Njira behaviorism" ndi "chisamaliro maganizo mwana." Otsatira ake wotchuka, amene ankagwira ntchito pa chiphunzitso zina, tingasiyanitsire Burres Skinner, amene pamodzi ndi anzake ena anakwanitsa kukwaniritsa Kukwezeleza behaviorism. Komabe, lingaliro la mobwerezabwereza zagonjetsedwa kwa kutsutsa kwambiri, kwa gawo lalikulu chifukwa chakuti kwambiri anafanana ndi chida chogonedwa monyengeleredwa. Mu zaka wotsatira, kuphunzira wake wapita ku kuchepa, kusiya kanthu koma mndandanda wa njira zingapo, ndipo lero ntchito ku malonda, ndale ndi mitundu ina.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo ndi imfa

Zaka zingapo pambuyo pa imfa ya mkazi wake mphunzitsi wakale aganiza kuti mupewe malonda malonda, ndi kukhazikika pa famu chete. Pali ndipo okhala mu masiku otsiriza wa Dzhon Uotson. Wambiri ya moyo wake anafupikitsa mu 1958. Miyezi ingapo izi zisanachitike, kucheza, limene linali kamodzi pulezidenti m'gulu mu mndandanda wake wa mamembala aulemu. Iwo sanali kuthandiza kuiwala mwano, chifukwa kamodzi iye mosatsata ntchito wake wokondedwa, ndiponso ufulu maudindo ena, kotero mu chaka chomwecho chimene iye anasiya dziko lino, wakonza moto pabwalo, kupereka zambiri zokhudza sayansi lawi. Zimakhala ndi Echo otsiriza a ena ntchito Watson, koma kachitidwe sikuti akhuya mbiri, chifukwa chinathandiza zamaganizo a Watson anamveketsa limodzi la asayansi kwambiri Mu zaka zapitazo.