Ya m'phuno, chichereŵechereŵe cha m'mphako ya. Chichereŵechereŵe yaikulu ya m'phuno ndi

Chimodzi mwa zinthu anatomical wa kapepalako chapamwamba kupuma ndi m'phuno. Layman zikuoneka kuti foni yakumanja mafoni, amene ali penapake mu kuya kwake lili timinofu nawo mapangidwe mawu. Kawirikawiri kudziwa zimenezi lidzatha. Ndipotu zonse imavuta mowonjezera. Choncho muyenera kulankhula za izi mwatsatanetsatane.

zimachititsa chilumbachi

m'phuno ili pandunji IV, V ndi VI ya vertebrae khomo lachiberekero, atangotha kuyambira fupa hyoid ndipo popitapita kutsogolo kwa khosi. Kumbuyo kwake ndi ndimweko. Lili ndi uthenga ku m'phuno mwa khomo m'phuno, koma kuti chakudya Kodi sangafikire mapapo ndi mpweya - mmimba, chikhalidwe wapereka mwatsatanetsatane zofunika kwambiri monga epiglottis, amene atseka ndi pharynx lumen pa kudzoza ndi akugwiritsa ya m'phuno pa Pomeza, kugawana kotero kuti ntchito ya ziwalo zimenezi.

Pa mbali ya m'phuno ndi aakulu neurovascular mtolo wa khosi ndi pamaso pa zonsezi aphimbidwa ndi minofu, fascia, ndi chithokomiro England. Pamunsipa, izo zipita trachea, ndiyeno - mu bronchi ndi.

Kuwonjezera minofu zikuluzikulu za chichereŵechereŵe akadali umaimiridwa ndi zisanu ndi zinayi theka mphete, kuonetsetsa kudalirika ndi chiwalo kuyenda.

Makamaka anthu

Mbali khalidwe la Kapangidwe ka m'phuno mu kugonana mphamvu ndi kukhalapo kwa apulo Adamu kapena apulo Adamu. Ndi mbali ya chithokomiro chichereŵechereŵe, amene pa zifukwa zosadziwika, kwambiri apamwamba mu amuna kuposa akazi. Ngakhale kuti zomveka kuganiza zinthu n'zosiyana, chifukwa chimango akulu a khosi, ndilo kuphimba chichereŵechereŵe, akazi ofooka.

thunthu

The m'phuno ndi M'mimbamo, omwe ali mkati ndi yosalala ndi konyowa nsalu - mucosa. Conventionally, M'mimbamo lonse la thupi chidagawika patatu: chapamwamba, pakati ndi kutsikira. Top - ndi khonde la kholingo, iwo mwapang'ono pansi mu mawonekedwe a fanulo. Avereji - ndi kusiyana woona ndi wabodza makutu amapilira. The mmunsi ntchito yolankhulana ndi trachea a. Zofunika kwambiri ndi zovuta mu dipatimenti kapangidwe - pafupifupi. Nawa chichereŵechereŵe ndi Mitsemphayi ya m'phuno, kupyolera liwu la aumbike.

mawu Education

Danga pakati pa timinofu amatchedwa "glottis". Kuchepetsa m'phuno kumasintha mavuto zingwe ndi kusintha kudula kasinthidwe. Munthu exhales, mpweya umadutsa glottis, ndi kuchititsa zingwe kunjenjemera. Izi ndi zimene zimatithandiza phokoso olankhulidwa, monga mavawelo. Pofuna kutchula phokoso consonant, muyenera akadali nawo m'kamwa, lilime, mano, milomo. ntchito yolongosoka zimawathandiza kulankhula, kuyimba ndi ngakhale kutsanzira phokoso la chilengedwe ndi kutsanzira mawu a anthu ena kapena nyama. mawu coarse kwambiri anthu chifukwa cha mitsempha awo anatomical ndi wautali, kutanthauza kuti timayamba kunjenjemera ndi matalikidwe wamkulu.

ontogeny

Kapangidwe ka m'phuno ndi zingasiyane malingana m'badwo munthu. Izi mwina chifukwa amuna akusweka mawu pambuyo kutha msinkhu. Ana ndi makanda ndi waufupi ndi lonse khosi, izo ndi apamwamba kuposa munthu wamkulu. Zilibe rozhkovidnyh schitopodyazychnyh chichereŵechereŵe ndi Mitsemphayi. Kudzatenga mawonekedwe komaliza okha zaka khumi ndi zitatu.

Mpanda wa m'mphako ya

Ngati kuonera mfundo amatha kuona kuchokera kunja kwa mkati zigawo zake motere:

• Chikopa.
• Subcutaneous minofu.
• Cartilages, Mitsemphayi, minofu.
• CHIKWANGWANI-zotanuka m'chimake (womwe minofu connective).
• Mucous - ndi multicore ciliated epithelium ndi osasamba connective minofu ulusi, amene zinaphatikizidwa ndi wosanjikiza m'mbuyomu.
• Lakunja cholumikizira mbale - zotanuka chichereŵechereŵe chimakwirira m'phuno.

Okhwima mafupa a m'mphako ya

Monga tanena pali phylogenetically anapanga wagawo kuti kuthandiza m'phuno. cartilages Laryngeal ndi wandiweyani theka mphete atagwira nsalu otsalira a view khosi gawo ndi thupi awaphunzitse za chubu dzenje. Pakati pa iwo ndi Mitsemphayi zikugwirizana. Kusiyanitsa cartilages limodzi ndi wophatikizidwa ya m'phuno ndi.

cartilages single

The thunthu la thupi atatu chichereŵechereŵe, amene alibe Anzawo. Unpaired cartilages laryngeal imakonzedwa pa olamulira chomwecho, mmodzi pamwamba pa ena.

1. Epiglottic chichereŵechereŵe, kapena epiglottis ndi mbale zoonda, ndi mawonekedwe chokhala duwa petal kapena tsamba. The gawo lonse lili pamwamba mabele chichereŵechereŵe, ndi yopapatiza, komabe wotchedwa phesi Ufumuyo ngodya zake mumtima.
2. Chithokomiro - chichereŵechereŵe waukulu wa m'mphako ya Chilwa pakati pa epiglottis ndi cricoid chichereŵechereŵe. Dzinali limafanana ndi mawonekedwe onse ndi ntchito ya gawo ili la thupi. Chithokomiro chichereŵechereŵe cha m'phuno ndi kuteteza mbali mkati zoopsazo. Iwo aumbike mwa mbale awiri amakona anayi zinaphatikizidwa pakati. Pa nthawi imeneyi, lokwera la aumbike pamwamba pa zomwe pali okwera, limene likutengera timinofu. M'mbali mwa mbale ndi wophatikizidwa zokhudzana - nyanga (chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi). Anthu amene ali pansi, kulankhula ndi chichereŵechereŵe cricoid, ndi pamwamba - ndi fupa hyoid. Kumbali kunja kwa chichereŵechereŵe ali ndi oblique mzere gawo limene amagwira minofu kunja kwa m'mphako ya.
3. Cricoid chichereŵechereŵe cha m'phuno ndi - ndi maziko a mafupa thupi. Kutiumba kwathunthu limafanana ndi dzina: ndi ngati mphete munthu mwatsatanetsatane mphete zapitazo. Mbali pali articular pamwamba pa kugwirizana kwa arytenoid ndi chithokomiro chichereŵechereŵe. Ndi chichereŵechereŵe wachiwiri kukula kwa m'mphako ya.

cartilages wophatikizidwa

Iwo ndi atatu, chifukwa chikhalidwe amakonda chosokonekera ndi cholinga chake posonyeza kuti chikondi Mulimonsemo zotheka:

1. Cherpalovdnye. Arytenoid chichereŵechereŵe cha m'phuno ndi kumaoneka ngati piramidi triangular amene pamwamba chinayang'ana chagada pang'ono kwa likulu la thupi. maziko ake ndi mbali ya padziko olowa ndi chichereŵechereŵe cricoid. Pa mphambano za mapiramidi amagwira minofu: kutsogolo - Voice ndipo kumbuyo - kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo perstnecherpalovidnye minofu.
2. Rozhkovidnye ali pamwamba pa nsonga za chichereŵechereŵe arytenoid.
3. The mphero ambiri ankakhala mu supraglottic-anasolola makutu ake. The mitundu iwiri iwiri yotsiriza ya cartilages ndi sesamoid ndi siyana mu mawonekedwe ndi udindo.

formations zonsezi zooneka mu thupi monga pakamwa. Chichereŵechereŵe cha m'phuno amagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri pa moyo adalinso. Izi zimaonekera makamaka mu unansi phonation.

zimfundo

Monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, cartilages olumikizidwa pamodzi ndi Mitsemphayi ndi mafupa. Mu m'phuno ndi mitundu iwiri iwiri ya olowa:

1. Pakati pa cricoid ndi chithokomiro chichereŵechereŵe. Iwo anapanga ndi kali mbali ya chichereŵechereŵe cricoid kuti ali pafupi m'munsi nyanga chithokomiro. Pamene galimoto ili mavuto olowa mitsempha zimasiyanasiyana, choncho, kutalika mawu.
2. Pakati pa cricoid ndi arytenoid cartilages. Iwo aumbike pamalo articular (mbali m'munsi mwa piramidi) arytenoid chichereŵechereŵe ndi cricoid chichereŵechereŵe articular malo. Kupita ndi kwa wina ndi mzake, nyumba izi anatomical kusintha m'lifupi glottis lapansi.

mitolo

Monga thupi m'manja, Mitsemphayi kukhale kothandiza kwambiri mmene ntchito yomanga m'phuno. Chichereŵechereŵe ya m'phuno anakhalabe mu zazikulu mgwirizano mwa nkhosi connective minofu:

1. Schitopodyazychnaya gulu - ndi gawo lalikulu schitopodyazychnoy Kakhungu, imene m'phuno lonse Ufumuyo fupa hyoid. Kudzera akuthamanga ndi neurovascular mtolo kupereka thupi.
2. Schitonadgortannaya mitsempha akutumikira kugwirizanitsa epiglottis kwa mabele chichereŵechereŵe.
3. Hyoepiglottidean gulu.
4. Perstnetrahealnaya mitsempha zikugwirizana ndi m'phuno kuti windpipe ndi, zaikidwa chichereŵechereŵe loyamba m'mphako ya.
5. Conic mtolo Chili cricoid ndi chithokomiro cartilages. Ndi kwenikweni kupitiriza nembanemba zotanuka limene likuyenda pamodzi pamwamba lamkati la m'mphako ya. Ndi wosanjikiza pakati chichereŵechereŵe ndi mucous.
6. Amapilira makutu - mbalinso ya phirilo zotanuka, kuphimba minofu mawu.
7. Cherpalonadgortannaya gulu.
8. Yazychnonadgortannye mitsempha ophatikizana muzu wa lilime ndi zapambuyo padziko epiglottis lapansi.

minofu

Pali awiri classifications minofu ya m'phuno ndi. Choyamba - ndi zinchito. Iwo ukugawa minofu onse:

• Constrictors, amene itsekeke pang'ono ndi glottis ndi M'mimbamo wa m'mphako ya limapangitsa mpweya kuyenda.
• Dilators, koyenera kuti yowonjezera m'phuno ndi glottis, motero.
• Minofu, angathe bongo mavuto zingwe amapilira.

Malinga ndi gulu lachiwiri, iwo anawagawa kunja ndi mkati. About Mukambirane mwatsatanetsatane.

minofu extraocular

minofu Extraocular ngati atakulungidwa m'phuno. Laryngeal cartilages amapereka osati mkati, komanso kunja. Anatomists conventionally Gawani ophunzira m'magulu awiri akunja wina: woyamba akhoza zimachitika minofu amene amagwira kwa mabele chichereŵechereŵe, ndipo chachiwiri - amagwira kwa mafupa a mafupa nkhope.

Gulu loyamba:

• grudinoschitovidnaya;
• schitopodyazychnaya.

Gulu lachiwiri:

• grudinopodyazychnaya;
• scapular-hyoid;
• shilopodyazychnaya;
• digastric;
• mentohyoid.

minofu mkati

Nchofunika kusintha udindo wa epiglottis, ndi kumuthandiza kugwira ntchito zake, ndipo kusintha kasinthidwe wa glottis lapansi. Minofu imeneyi ndi monga:

• Cherpalonadgortannaya kuti ndipamene cherpalonadgortannuyu khola. Pa Pomeza chidule minofu ichi chimasintha udindo wa epiglottis moti overlaps pakhomo kummero ndi sanaphonye kudya.
• Schitonadgortannaya M'malo mwake, pamene kuchepetsa epiglottis chimakakamiza pa nakatsegula pakhosi.
• Ofananira perstnecherpalovidnaya zikusintha m'lifupi glottis lapansi. Pamene yafupika, pali mgwirizano wa Mitsemphayi ndi glottis amakhala.
• Back perstnecherpalovidnaya yafupika nthawi kudzoza, ndipo amapilira makutu padera, kukoka m'mbuyo m'mbali, ndi kulola kuti mpweya pochitika zambiri mundawo kupuma.
• minofu Voice ndi udindo makhalidwe zingwe amapilira, ngati iwo ali yaitali kapena lalifupi, yomangika kapena momasuka, kaya ndinu yemweyo, poyerekezera ndi mzake. Ku ntchito ya minofu zimatengera pa kamvekedwe ka mawu, aberrations wake, luso amapilira.

Ntchito ya m'phuno ndi

Ntchito yoyamba, ndithudi, kupuma. Ndipo tichipeza mu kusintha otaya mpweya kudzera mundawo kupuma. Kusintha glottis m'lifupi salola mpweya pa kudzoza mofulumira kugwera mu trachea ndi bronchi. Tikawonetsetsa mpweya sangathawe mapapo mofulumira kwambiri ngakhale kuti anadutsa mpweya kuwombola.

Ciliated epithelium wa Kakhungu mucous ya m'phuno adzatenge ntchito yake yachiwiri - zozitetezera. Zikuoneka kuti particles ka fumbi ndi chakudya musalekane mu kapepala m'munsi kupuma chifukwa cha ntchito mgwirizano pakati cilia lapansi. Komanso, mitsempha mathero mu Anatipatsa alipo pa mucosa, ndi owonetsetsa matupi ena ndi pamene kukondoweza imfayo kukhosomola. Pa nthawi imeneyi, epiglottis atseka khomo m'phuno, ndipo palibe mlendo kwa angamachite. Ngati katunduyo anali akadali mu m'mphako ya chichereŵechereŵe cha m'mphako ya reflexively kucheza ndi mzake, ndipo pali kulowererana wa glottis lapansi. Izi, pa dzanja limodzi, kumathandiza ingress chakudya ndi matupi ena bronchi, winayo - overlaps mpweya. Ngati thandizo si kufika posachedwa, munthu akamwalira.

Last pa mndandanda - golosoobrazovatelnaya ntchito ya m'phuno ndi. Iwo amadalira pa kapangidwe anatomical ya m'phuno ndi mmene munthu akakhala ndi zida zake amapilira. Mu ndondomeko ya kukula ndi chitukuko cha anthu kuphunzira kulankhula, kuyimba, amaloweza ndakatulo ndi prose, kutsanzira mawu nyama kapena phokoso la chilengedwe, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale wotsanzira anthu ena. Mlingo wapamwamba ulamuliro wa thupi lanu, ndi mipata yambiri pali anthu.

Izi, mwachidule yachibadwa mtunda thunthu ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ya m'phuno ndi. Kuchokera m'nkhani mwaphunzira n'kofunika ntchito ya thupi ntchito ndi kuti cartilages laryngeal mbali yofunika pano. Zikomo kwa iye, ife bwinobwino kupuma, kulankhula ndi poperhaemsya nthawi iliyonse chinachake kudya. Mwatsoka, ndi kuti atengeke matenda ena opatsirana ndi njira neoplastic