Monga mbali ya wamkulu mafupa anthu pafupifupi 206 mafupa. Aliyense ali ndi dongosolo mwini wake, malo ndi ntchito. Mafupa ena kuthandiza kusuntha, kuteteza ziwalo zathu zina ndi zimakhala zisaonongeke, chabwino, pamene ena n'zotheka kuti achite zochita monga kutafuna, Pomeza ndipo, ndithudi, kulankhula. Ndi ntchito zoterezi zimagwiridwa ndi fupa hyoid ndi minofu amene Ufumuyo. Ngakhale kukula kwake ochepa, fupa izi ndi zofunika kwambiri. Kuvulala kugwirizana ndi wake wosweka, ndi woopsa kwambiri, kawirikawiri amapha.
Kapangidwe anatomical
Fupa hyoid ili mwachindunji pansi pa thupi. Zimakhala kufufuzanso okha anthu Taphunzira. kukula kwake ndi ochepa, koma zimafunika kukhazikitsa ntchito zofunika kwambiri. Pamodzi ndi minofu amene chikugwirizana ndi izo, amathandiza kugwira njira monga kutafuna ndi kumeza. Komanso, popanda kanthu sizikanatheka kukanakhala mu kulankhula kwa anthu. Kotero kuti Musaone kufunika fupa zimenezi sizingatheke. Kapangidwe ka hyoid yosavuta fupa. Iwo conventionally ogaŵikana nyanga thupi, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. Ndi ena a mafupa izo chikugwirizana ndi zimfundo ndi Mitsemphayi. thupi hyoid ali mawonekedwe a mbale yankhaza, pang'ono otukukira kunja kutsogolo. Iwo ali zitunda ofukula ndi yopingasa. Sakanikira ndi m'mphepete: wakuthwa chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi mwake, pang'ono unakhuthala. Mbali zonse thupi chikugwirizana kudzera pamalo articular chichereŵechereŵe ndi nyanga zazikulu. Iwo achoke ku mbali ya kumbuyo. nyanga Big yaitali ndi n'kakang'ono thupi. Pa malekezero a iwo akhoza kudziwa thickening. Kuchokera pa malo pamene lipenga lalikulu chikugwirizana kwa thupi, nyanga yaing'ono achoke. Childs, iwo zigwirizana fupa, koma nthawi zina adakali cartilaginous. Iwo chokhudzana ndi thupi kudzera limodzi. Malekezero a nyanga yaing'ono unazunguliridwa mu gulu shilopodyazychnuyu. Nthawi zina muli, kawirikawiri mbewu zina wokongola yaing'ono.
Wovulala fupa hyoid ndi zizindikiro za kuwonongeka kwa pakhosi
Fractures ndiponso kuwonongeka kwa fupa hyoid n'zochepa. Childs, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha zoopsa yosamveka ku dera submandibular. Pankhaniyi, pa malo ayenera kuperekedwa mwachilungamo amphamvu makina kanthu. Mu zina, fupa lothyoka zingachititse suffocation. Izi zimachitika pamene wopalamulayo. Mwatsopano yaing'ono wovulala zimapangitsa lokha anamva waledzera ndithu. Izi makamaka ululu amphamvu kutsogolo chapamwamba khosi pamene Pomeza kapena kutafuna. Komanso m'dera la fupa hyoid kumaoneka ndi hematoma yaing'ono. Pa palpation pali kuyenda ndi crepitus zidutswa.
Mu aakulu zoopsa hyoid fupa amapezeka mucosal yopuma. Pamakhala magazi mwachilungamo lolemera ku kamwa. Kumachitika chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa nthambi kapena lingual mtsempha wamagazi chithokomiro. Nthawi zambiri, kuvulala ndi amapha. thandizo kwa fractures a chikhalidwe ichi ndi zovuta osati nthawi zonse zothandiza.
Tikhoza kunena kuti kuvulala zonse zokhudza hyoid fupa (chithunzi cha malo ake, mukhoza kuona m'nkhani) Ndi zoopsa kwambiri thanzi ndi moyo.
choyamba-chithandizo
thandizo kwa fractures a fupa hyoid ayenera kuchitidwa mwamsanga. Pamene amaika magazi m'kamwa n'kofunika kuti yambitsa ndondomeko magazi coagulation. Izi zikhoza kuchitika kutsatira chimfine kapena tamponade. Ngati n'kotheka, ayenera kuyesetsa zomangira za carotid mtsempha wamagazi kunja. Itatha yoyamba maola ochepa ndi kuvulala owopsa. Kupereka maulosi aliyense zovuta chifukwa cha chiopsezo suffocation. Pamene inu kuswa pakhosi kungakhale kwambiri magazi otayika. Mwatsoka, nthawi zambiri munthu amafa ngakhale chivulalireni chifukwa cha ambulansi.
Zoonadi, munthu woyenera kuthandiza pamene wosweka hyoid fupa ndi yodulidwa mucosa, ndi kovuta. Ngati muli zizindikiro zonse za asphyxia, chinthu chopambana mungachite ndicho kuchita intubation, namtsata pakhosi tamponade kuchepetsa kutaika kwa magazi. Pambuyo mwai zovuta zofunika kupulumutsa wozunzidwayo kuchipatala posachedwapa.
chithandizo
Chithandizo cha kuvulala kugwirizana ndi wovulala fupa hyoid, ndi kugwetsa ndi kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa displacements onse a zotsala. Izi chingapezeke mwa palpation kwa M'mimbamo m'kamwa ndipo, ndithudi, kunja. The immobilization mutu ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, khosi ikuchitika mwa molondola kukonza corset. Zikavuta, pamene lowonongeka fupa hyoid, mapewa ndi khosi superimposed gypsum. Komabe, nthawi zambiri kugwira makombo fupa mu malo olondola zimatheka kokha pamene repositioning opaleshoni. Nthawi zambiri kuvulala izi zikuphatikizapo angapo mavuto, kotero chithandizo ayenera kukhala kothandiza ngati nkotheka.
Minofu ya fupa hyoid
akatumba onse kuti mapeto atakolekedwa fupa hyoid, anawagawa m'magulu awiri: suprahyoid ndi subhyoid. Amasiyana udindo wina ndi mzake ndi moyenera, ntchito. Ndi minofu suprahyoid monga:
- digastric;
- m'kamwa ndi sublingual;
- shilopodyazychnaya;
- geniohyoid minofu.
Onse kumtunda fupa hyoid, ndipo mwachindunji Ufumuyo. Digastric minofu imakhala kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo m'mimba amene ali inakula tendons. Iwo kumagwirizana ndi gulu lina ulusi. Pamimba kumbuyo mu mbali chapamwamba amamangiriridwa ku fupa mwakanthawi. Akupita pansi, chomalizachi chili pafupi stylohyoid napereka ku tendon wapakatikati. Limakwirira fixation kuzungulira thupi ndi lipenga lalikulu la fupa hyoid. Koma pamaso umene wafala stylohyoid lomwe lili ndi mawonekedwe spindle. Ku nsagwada m'munsi padziko lamkati la masamba, gulu lina ulusi. Mylohyoid minofu ndi lathyathyathya ndi lonse. Tufts ulusi wake anakonza transversely, iwo akuuzidwa kwa ndiponso coalesce kupanga tendon suture. Mbali mzere apakatikati a sublingual m'kamwa n'kuyamba minofu geniohyoid.
Suprahyoid minofu ntchito
Gulu suprahyoid minofu kuchita ntchito wamba. Amapatsanso fupa hyoid kusuntha oposa, downwards ndi chammbali. Zimathandiza munthu kuchita zinthu ntchito yovuta, monga kumeza ndi kutafuna. Choncho, tingathe kunena kuti minofu suprahyoid zimakhudzidwa ntchito m'mimba ndi kupuma, ngakhale zina. Komanso gulu la ulusi minofu, kuukitsa fupa hyoid, pamodzi ndi m'phuno ndi kusiya nsagwada m'munsi, facilitates ndondomeko kupanga mawu.
minofu subhyoid
Ndi minofu subhyoid monga: sterno-hyoid, scapular-hyoid, sterno-chithokomiro minofu. Iwo amagwira ku fupa hyoid, koma ili pansipa izo. Choncho, minofu omohyoid akuyamba pamwamba pa tsamba. Iwo ali pamimba awiri akuluakulu omwe olekanitsidwa ndi tendon wapakatikati. Sternohyoid minofu m'munsi kumapeto kwake Ufumuyo chogwirira cha sternum lapansi. Iye komanso scapula ndi sublingual-CHIKWANGWANI, mbali olemera Ufumuyo fupa hyoid. Gulu lachitatu minofu - sterno-chithokomiro - m'tsogolo ya chithokomiro England ndi trachea.
Subhyoid minofu ntchito
minofu Subhyoid akuchita gulu, fupa hyoid ali anakoka pamodzi ndi m'phuno pansi. Koma aliyense wa iwo nthawi yomweyo amachita ntchito yeniyeni. Mwachitsanzo, sternothyroid minofu kusankha amasuntha mabele chichereŵechereŵe pansi. Koma ofunika ndi ena ntchito subhyoid minofu. Kudula, iwo molondola kulimbikitsa udindo wa fupa hyoid, kwa amene Ufumuyo suprahyoid minofu gulu, pa nthawi imeneyo Sachita nsagwada m'munsi.