Yisiti n'kumugawa m'magulumagulu ndi bowa wa dipatimenti? Yisiti: kapangidwe, mitundu

Kodi yisiti - ndi bowa, inu mukudziwa, mwina ambiri. Ndipo kodi tinganene chiyani za deta tsogolo gulu la oimira ufumu? Amadziwika kuti yisiti ndi bowa Division Ascomycetes ndi Basidiomycetes. Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani? Tiyeni tiyese kumvetsetsa pamodzi.

Yisiti - bowa

Ndipo zokhala ndi selo imodzi bowa. Iwo ataya mycelium chifukwa cha njira chisinthiko amakhulupirira kuti mogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa moyo mu magawo madzi a chuma m'nthawi organic ndipo yabwino kwambiri pa moyo wa zomera zimenezi. Total yisiti pali ku mitundu zikwi. yisiti n'kumugawa m'magulumagulu onse - unicellular bowa.

miyeso

Single maselo olekanitsidwa kufika bowa izi 7 microns awiri, koma ena amakula 40 um. Komabe, ena yisiti adakali kupanga pa magawo a kayendedwe ka moyo wa mycelium, ndi zina - ndi fruiting thupi. Panopa Mwachitsanzo, yisiti wophika mkate, ndi woyamba eukaryotic matupi athu omwe kuzindikiridwa ndi decoded.

A pang'ono mbiri

Yisiti - bowa, "kuŵetedwa" mwa munthu, ndipo kwa nthawi yaitali. Iwo yaitali, kwa zaka, ntchito zolinga zophikira: kuphika, nayonso, polenga zinthu. Kale ku Iguputo, panali Mikate Yapamwamba ndipo mwachionekere anapeza ntchito yisiti. Ndipo m'mayiko ena, kalelo, pamodzi ndi mikate yopanda chotupitsa (mwachitsanzo matzo kapena kudya mkate) akukonda kwambiri ndi kupanga yisiti mikate. yisiti Brewer ali bwino kwa Aiguputo anali zaka zoposa sikisi sauzande zapitazo, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi zamoyo izi, anthu yophika chakumwa foamy.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mukubwadamuka latsopano minda ambiri akale ntchito mabwinja a akale. Choncho, malinga ndi asayansi, zinachitika kuswana mitundu yisiti sanapezeke kuthengo. Ambiri amakhulupirira mitundu ina ya yisiti mankhwala yekha anthu ntchito (mwachitsanzo, mitundu ya nakulitsa dzinthu: tirigu, rye ndi zina).

zymology

Choncho ndi sayansi wofotokoza ndipo amaphunzira moyo ndi ntchito ya zinthu izi. Yisiti n'kumugawa m'magulumagulu ndi bowa, chikhalidwe chawo angwiro woyamba olekanitsidwa mu 1881 ku Denmark, ndipo mu 1883 anali kale ntchito yopanga mowa. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 analenga gulu la yisiti ndi m'zaka za m'ma 20, pali zopereka ndi determinants chikhalidwe odziwika. Yisiti n'kumugawa m'magulumagulu ndi bowa magawano Ascomycota mpaka cha m'ma lomaliza. Asayansi kusunga mkombero ubereki, generalizing monga gulu taxonomic (bowa marsupials). Koma mu Japan, mmodzi wa asayansi anachititsa kubalana ndi Basidiomycetes yisiti. Choncho, akatswiri anapeza kuti yisiti bowa (chithunzi m'munsimu) inakhazikitsidwa mu njira ya kusanduka paokha pakati pa magulu awiri a ufumu (ascomycetes ndi basidiomycetes). deta anatsimikizira ndi tizilombo tosaoneka kafukufuku kwachilengedwenso. Si taxon, ndipo, nthawi zambiri, ndi wapadera moyo mawonekedwe.

Ascomycetes ndi basidiomycetes

Choncho, yisiti bowa a ascomycetes dipatimenti ndi basidiomycetes (kapena kani, awiri m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana). Onsewo - Subkingdom apamwamba bowa. Iwo amatha kusiyanitsa maonekedwe ndi m'zinthu moyo wa zizindikiro zina: awiriawiri a DNA, pamaso pa urease. Ascomycetes, kapena marsupials bowa - ndithu dipatimenti yaikulu, womwenso kwa mitundu zikwi makumi atatu (by njira, truffles wotchuka a dipatimenti imeneyi, komanso morels ndi mizere). Pakati - ndi yisiti amene amaonedwa ndi asayansi kwachiwiri zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi.

Zimapezekanso

Childs, tizilombo amakhala malo amene ali olemera mu dzuwa - magawo padziko zipatso ndi zipatso, masamba. Iwo akhoza kudya zakudya ntchito chomera: timadzi tokoma, secretions, namkulunga, timadziti. Sanyoza ndi phytomass akufa. Angakhale mu nthaka ndi zinyalala ku misa organic ndi masoka madzi. Ena yisiti n'kumugawa m'magulumagulu alipo mu matumbo a tizilombo kudya mtengo. Ambiri yisiti ndi masamba, amene agwidwa ndi nsabwe.

ntchito

Ena mitundu chikhalidwe yisiti akhala mu ankafuna mu kuphika ndi kupanga distillation mowa. Kvass, mkate, mowa ndi vinyo simungakhoze kuchita popanda athandizi timeneti. Zonsezi amadziwika kuti anthu kwa nthawi yaitali, yisiti bowa ndi ascomycetes dipatimenti. Kwa kupanga mowa yovuta nawo distillation pa siteji ya nayonso mphamvu. Tsopano ena chikhalidwe yisiti ntchito zosiyanasiyana umisiri: ulimi wa utsi ndi zina chakudya ndi michere. sayansi A iwo ntchito monga zikhalidwe komanso kufufuza chibadwa.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• Kuphika ntchito chikhalidwe Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lotchedwa yisiti wophika mkate. Iwo zokolola thovu mowa chikhalidwe, timapitiriza amakambirana ndi fungo la mkate mankhwala (mowa, pambuyo, pa ndondomeko kuphika ukuphwera). Komanso, mpweya woipa aumbike mwa kulemera amachititsa mtanda kukwera, kupereka mayeso porosity ndi softness.
• M'chilengedwe, zipatso za mphesa mwachibadwa kukhala yisiti zikhalidwe akalipo monga zolengeza yochitidwa. Koma woona vinyo yisiti ankaona kuti Saccharomyces cerevisiae, zimene zimapezeka mu masango ndi osowa kwambiri. Ndi zosiyanasiyana ili ndi ntchito makamaka kupanga vinyo katundu. Chifukwa cha processing wa dzuwa ndi yisiti ali madzi mphesa, opangidwa Mowa ndi yisiti madigiri ndi amveke - kufa. A okonzeka kuti shampeni vinyo nayonso mphamvu pansi mobwerezabwereza kuwonjezera chikhalidwe cha yisiti.
• Mu moŵa ntchito mbewu Zidamera balere (chimera), ndi yisiti ndi fermenting pansi. Chimera ndi malo yophika, wothira madzi ndi thovu ntchito Saccharomyces cerevisiae, kapena mitundu ina ya yisiti. Kvass zokolola za chomwecho, koma ena kuposa yisiti ntchito mabakiteriya ndi lactic acid.
• Yisiti pamwamba, ankagwiritsa ntchito chuma cha dziko, a dongosolo la Ascomycetes bowa. Ndipo otchuka chakumwa kucheza ndi yisiti ndi mabakiteriya Mwachitsanzo, kombucha kapena Chitibeta bowa. Iwo ndi katundu zambiri zothandiza kuti thupi la munthu, ndi ntchito zonse zakumwa izi akuchenjeza mitundu yonse ya matenda m'mimba ndi ziwalo zina za m'kati.