Ascomycete: kufotokoza, zizindikiro

Kodi marsupials bowa kulibe? Izi zinthu funso lililonse sukulu zina nsangala anaphunzira zamoyo ndithudi. bowa awa a ufumu umene oyimirira kuchokera kugawanika thupi vegetative. Iwo ndi enieni zinthu kugonana - matumba. Zikuphatikizapo ascospores eyiti. Mitundu ina ya bowa awa ndi opanda ungwiro, chifukwa m'kati moyo kutaya imapanga awo ubereki. Iwo asexual kubalana.

Izi minofu bowa pafupifupi konse anapanga. Kuchotserapo anthu ochepa parasitic zamoyo. Kapangidwe ka aliyense wa gulu ili monga chitin (20 mpaka 25 peresenti) ndi glucan.

Kukhala marsupials bowa (nthumwi adzakhala m'munsimu) pa mafupa a nyama ndi zomera.

Tikumbukenso kuti zosiyanasiyana nkhungu (wofiira, zofiirira, imvi wobiriwira) a Ascomycetes. Chifukwa cha lalanje-pinki bowa dera la chibadwa lakwaniritsa kupambana. Ascomycetes imafalitsidwa padziko lonse.

Ascomycetes kalasi zikuphatikizapo za 2 zikwi genera ndi mitundu 30,000. Oimira odziwika ndi yisiti truffle, morel, Parmelee, mzere.

kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe

thupi Vegetative tichipeza partitions zingapo, zimene moonadi. Uyamiko kwa Iye, bowa akhoza kutaya zinthu zochepa ma kuchokera maphunziro filamentous. Ngati Tikayerekeza Ascomycetes ndi zygomycota, ndi Dziwani kuti poyamba moyo motalika kokwanira.

Ascomycete anakonza bwino kuti thupi lake ndi wokhoza anasinthanitsa pakati spores cytoplasm, mtima, organelles. Mukachipinda pali zambiri limodzi haploid structural mfundo masitolo ndi kusintha mfundo majini (DNA).

General zokhudza kubereka ndi chitukuko

Marsupials bowa njira ziwiri za kubalana:

• anamorph (asexual njira);
• teleomorph (loukitsa kugonana ndi).

Mu zamoyo, njira awiriwa amatchedwa holomorphs. Iwo samakonda mzake. Komanso thupi anamorphs ikuyenda teleomorph. N'chifukwa chake anabadwa ascomycetes wina mitundu koma m'njira zosiyanasiyana asayansi ankachita monga oimira munthu. Ndiyamika sayansi maselo kafukufuku amapereka zovuta kumvetsa mmene ena marsupial bowa chinapangidwa ndi ndondomeko.

Anamorph (asexual njira)

anamorphs ndondomeko ikuchitika kudzera conidia. Dziwani kuti kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe posachedwapa ndi osiyanasiyana ndithu. Aliyense wa iwo akhoza kukhala mwina unicellular kapena multicellular. partitions yopingasa ali mopanda malire. Conidia zambiri ndi akalumikidzidwa anamaliza.

Childs, amadzimadzi marsupial bowa chawonjezeka kuchulukitsa kwa zinthu kapangidwe. oimira oterowo amapezeka pa masamba a mitengo, omwe akhala kumizidwa m'madzi.

Teleomorph (kubereka) m'njira m'munsi

kalasi ya bowa akhoza kubereka mwa nyumba kugonana, koma popanda mapangidwe gametes. Kugwira ntchito imeneyi ziwalo wamkazi hyphae anapanga wamwamuna. Mkhalidwe umenewu wa marsupials bowa ofanana ndi malongosoledwe a Seaweed - iwo amagwiritsidwa pang'ono kusinthidwa oogonia.

Ngati tikambirana mitundu m'munsi, teleomorph ofanana zigogamiey. Ichi ndi chifukwa gametangia anapanga ndi mawonekedwe zofanana, ndipo pambuyo ndondomeko ya kaphatikizidwe iwo maphatikizidwe nyukiliya akupezeka. Koma bowa kanthu otsiriza zimakhudza zonse zam'mwamba structural, karyogamy kotero angapo zimachitika. Kenako, meiosis, amene kenako amapita ku thumba zygote.

Teleomorph (kubereka) m'njira apamwamba

Poganizira ndondomeko ya kubereka m'njira apamwamba, ziyenera ananena kuti pang'ono zovuta kuposa m'munsi. Arhikarp chivundikiro askogon. Komanso, ndi kusiyanitsidwa. Pamwamba pa "udzatsika" mu mawonekedwe a machubu. Antheridium unicellular ndi mchitidwe omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe cylindrical. Pambuyo pophatikizana, ndi cytoplasm phata musati converge, koma converging. Dikaryons anapanga. mtima awo, nawonso, anawagawa m'magulu. Pa kubalana ascomycete mitundu asci, kenako pali mgwirizano wa mtima haploid. Popanda nthawi osagwira anachita meiosis. The mitima anapanga zidzasankhidwa metoticheski. Chifukwa ndi zisanu ndi zitatu structural zinthu.

Kubalana: Mawuwo

Malinga ndi umembala wa mitundu ina ya kubalana a kalasi zinthu zambiri zikhoza m'Chingelezi chosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, antheridia sangakhoze kupangidwa - iwo m'malo ndi thupi vegetative kapena conidia. utuluke mpweya, madzi kapena kudzera spermatsii tizilombo kunditumiza ku trichogins ndiye kuphatikiza ndi cytoplasm maselo. Hyphae ndi matumba anapanga osati mosintha komanso matupi awo, amene ali mwamphamvu kotheratu structural nthambi.

matupi Fruiting anawagawa mitundu inayi:

• Apothecia. Bowa marsupial zamakolo ndi mtundu uwu ndi chikwama chachikulu. Iwo akhoza kupangidwa parafizy.
• Perithecia. Matumba a bowa izi atsekedwa kwathunthu kapena mwina. mawonekedwe awo mtsuko.
• Cleistothecia. Zipatso thupi la bowa ali ndi mawonekedwe chatsekedwa.
• Pseudothecia. thupi ili yekha inayake bowa. The ndondomeko kugonana akhala akuchita pambuyo mapangidwe gametangium. Perithecia ili hyphae, zomwe zimatchedwa stroma.

Tanthauzo kwa anthu ndiponso dziko

Kayendedwe ka moyo wa ascomycetes zothandiza lapadziko dera lonse. Chifukwa chakuti iwo kuswa nthambi akufa, mitengo, masamba, kudzadza kotunga mpweya ndi asafe pa Dziko Lapansi. Nyama (mwachitsanzo, makoswe, invertebrates, etc.). Ascomycetes ndi chakudya. Mu malo m'madzi a bowa makamaka lalikulu.

The gawo lalikulu aumbike ku ascomycetes ndere. Zikuphatikizapo zinthu izi - oposa 95%. Mycorrhizae inakhazikitsanso ndi thandizo lawo. Ena nyerere ndi chiswe ali "wamkulu" mu chamoyo inayake bowa.

Nthawi zambiri mwa ascomycetes oimira parasitic, amene anapanga zomera ndi nyama. Iwo ndi wothandizila causative matenda ambiri mwachilungamo lalikulu. Mwa munthu, nayenso, marsupials bowa parasitize. Zakudya zina zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu, motengera Ascomycetes.

Truffles ndi morels, ndiwo anthu a bowa awa, nthawi zambiri ntchito ngati chakudya anthu. Yisiti n'kumugawa m'magulumagulu ntchito kuphika mankhwala ophika buledi, zakumwa kupanga, chitukuko mankhwala. Ascomycetes kupeza ntchito yawo mu sayansi.

Yisiti - woimira anthu otchuka

mutu umenewu umabweretsa pamodzi 1,500 oimira osiyana. Iwo amatha akhalemo mwa magawo madzi ndi theka-olimba.

Mawu "yisiti" lachokera ku Proto-Asilavo verebu limene limatanthauza "akanikizire", "knead". dzina Ichi chikudziwika kwa munthu aliyense Chirasha. Muzu wa "kunjenjemera" kufotokoza kwenikweni molondola njira zonse zimene zimachitika pa nayonso mphamvu ya bowa wa. Dziwani kuti dzina English zikumveka ngati yisiti. Ikumasuliridwa Russian, amatanthauza "kuonetsetsa mpweya."

Izo zikuwoneka ngati marsupials bowa (yisiti), kudziwika kwa onse, chifukwa iwo agwiritsa ntchito kwa zaka amayi kwa kuphika. Mowa wakhala zinachitika pafupifupi zikwi zisanu zapitazo BC, kale ntchito bowa. Kuphika luso anthu katswiri pang'ono kenako - mu 1200 BC. e.

Yisiti zoyambirira wapezeka pansi maso mu 1680, koma ndiye chifukwa cha pakalibe ena a kayendedwe sakudziwika ngati zamoyo. Patapita kanthawi, anali atapereka chiphunzitso chakuti yisiti kwenikweni - zinthu za chilengedwe komanso zochita zawo - mankhwala. M'kupita kwa nthawi, chiphunzitso ichi chakhala akutsutsa. Anatsimikizira kuti mowa nayonso mphamvu - masoka njira.

mitundu yisiti

Yisiti n'kumugawa m'magulumagulu anawagawa mitundu isanu: wophika mkate, wouma mowa mbamuikha.

Kuphika bowa akupezeka lililonse sitolo. Iwo akhoza kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, ndi dongosolo lawo ndi losavuta kotero kuti n'zosavuta wina kuphika mtanda, ngakhale mwana.

bowa mbamuikha sakhala yaitali: popanda refrigeration iwo ungasunge zosaposa 14 masiku. A kutentha iwo akhoza poipa pasanathe sabata. Ngati inu anawaika pansipa mufiriji, bowa ndi adzayenerera wina miyezi 2. Pamaso ntchito, iwo ayenera zidzasungunuka mu madzi ofunda.

Youma yisiti - bowa yaitali alumali moyo. Mu malo ozizira, kumene kulibe chinyezi, amatha kukagona kwa zaka 2. Ngati iwo ali yogwira, iwo ayenera zidzasungunuka mu madzi (onetsetsani kuti konzekera). Instant bowa komanso banja koma iwo adzakhale okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito mu mphindi 10-15.

bowa mowa anawagawa nambala yaikulu subspecies. Ngati timaona kuti aliyense wa iwo amakonda zinthu zosiyana ndi fungo, ndiye kumwa anapanga a iwo ali ndi makhalidwe osiyana. bowa izi amafalitsidwa mu madzi mawonekedwe, kotero si koyenera kupasuka iwo. Iwo amagwiritsidwanso kvas, koma mosiyana ndi mowa mu chakumwa ndi mkaka, pali mabakiteriya.

Palinso chakudya yisiti koma anthu mowa ali osavomerezeka zidzawonjezedwa.