Zamanja wakale wa Russia. Kodi luso mwatsatanetsatane Kievan Lazaro?

zamanja wakale wa Russia - mmodzi wa zipilala chimene chimakhazikika chikhalidwe pachiyambi cha dziko lathu. magwero iwo kutenga m'dziko wosazindikira, pamene zinthu zonse anali losonkhanitsidwa ndi zipangizo - ndi zophweka kwambiri. Komabe, onaninso kuti ngakhale nthawi kuti makolo athu anali achilendo kufunafuna kukongola. Analenga ichitikire zipangizo ndi zinthu banja anali chokongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsa, anapereka mwapadera. Monga ulamuliro, zonse monga wina anganene tsopano, zinthu kukongoletsa ndi katundu zamatsenga: kulondera, amakopa zabwino. Kum'mawa Asilavo anali ofanana pankhani imeneyi mafuko ena. Wolemekezeka akale luso la Russia njira yapadera ndi njira, zolinga pachiyambi. Ndi nthawi ya boma Kievan makolo athu anali ambuye a mitundu ya zamanja.

Wosula - mmisiri ndi wamatsenga

Pa zimene wakale luso mu Russia anali ulemu wapadera, n'kosavuta kumvetsa nkhani zambiri, nthano ndi miyambi. Nthawi zambiri mu nkhani anapeza wosula, udayesedwa ngwazi za chozizwitsa lupanga, nthawi zambiri wapatsidwa mphamvu zamatsenga ndi nzeru.

Zitsulo Processing mu Russia analidi munthu wa luso kwambiri anafuna-pambuyo. Iye ndi mmodzi woyamba anatuluka ngati ntchito paokha. Smith akulemekezedwa ndi kulemekezedwa, ndi chitsulo ankaona oberezhnym chuma angathe ndi chithandizo chabwino ndi aulemu kwa izo kuteteza mbuye wake, osati kwa anthu oipa komanso mphamvu zoipa.

Kukula kwa handicrafts mu Kievan Lazaro anafika pamwamba odabwitsa: makolo athu ankadziwika kuti pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya makono ya zitsulo. Nthawi zambiri ndi ntchito kulipira, filigree, wakuda, kuponyera ndi mitundu.

wosakhwima luso

munene Special woyenera zodzikongoletsera kupanga. Ndi ku Russia anafika pamwamba ndithu. Njira ankakonda kale otchedwa filigree (filigree), mafoni, komanso tirigu ndi enamel (enamel). Creation wa ambuye wa Kievan Lazaro ndipo kenako zina kopambana. Mwachitsanzo, enamel anali ngati chitsanzo zithunzi mosamala sizinatchulidwe, kuti maso otchulidwa okhala ankatha kuona mwana mdima ndi woyera yowala. Pangani zithunzi ofanana kuchokera zidutswa za galasi akuda. munsi awo ndi kusakaniza ndi madzi pang'ono. Unyinji chifukwa ladzala ndi mfundo za malonda awo kenako wophikidwa kangapo. Chifukwa cha enamel zinaphatikizidwa ndi zitsulo.

Zachitsulo zingwe ndi kutsitsi

Filigree tracery anali ngati chokongoletsera chagolide abwino kapena waya siliva. Mu njira iyi inatulutsa zodzikongoletsera zosiyanasiyana, mabokosi zodzikongoletsera zinthu zina zapakhomo. Filigree anawapatsa lightness wapadera ndi airiness. Popanda kukokomeza, mankhwala amenewa akhoza akuti amapangidwa zingwe zachitsulo.

Mapira anali gawo la ulemerero wa mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Iye ankawoneka ngati madontho ting'onoting'ono n'kuwaza chokongoletsera pamwamba. Luso amisiri sadziwa malire: mikanda makulidwe amangodzionetsera oposa 0.4 mm.

Inki ndi aloyi siliva ndi sulfure. Mu kupanga zodzikongoletsera pa zitsulo workpiece zochepa chabe chitsanzo. Kenako lembani ndi wakuda ndi onse anatumizidwa kuphika. Mu zochita za kasakaniza wazitsulo mkulu kutentha chikugwirizana, zojambula anadzazidwa ndi sulfure ndi osakaniza siliva. Pambuyo mbuye anali yekha kuchotsa mbali zosafunika wa anthu. Kupeza zinthu zosiyanasiyana Mosiyana wolemekezeka zitsulo gloss ndi chitsanzo matte pamwamba.

Kugwira ntchito ndi dongo

Nthawi yachiwiri itatha maonekedwe a chithandizo zitsulo mu Russia anali mbiya. Poyamba, mbale, ndi ziwiya zina khalidwe dzanja. Komabe zamanja mu Russia kutukuka kwambiri, ndi zaka 9-10. Asilavo anali kale ntchito gudumu woumba mbiya. Chifukwa, mbiya anafalikira m'dziko boma. Mbiya unasiya kukhala m'chipani. Aliyense wa mankhwala amenewa walenga, chinachake chosiyana ndi ntchito za amisiri ena. Mfiti unachitikira mu chinenero chamakono, kalembedwe zawo. Kusiyana anatha kumva zinthu zamakono: kutentha ndi nthawi yowotcha, zikuchokera dongo - kapena zokongoletsa: mitundu ntchito, makhalidwe a mawonekedwe, zosiyanasiyana zina zokongoletsa zinthu.

Timatheriyali ku Russia kuyambira pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity chinayamba molingana ndi malamulo Orthodox. Oumba, kuwonjezera zidole miyambo ndi ziwiya, anayamba kutulutsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zofunika mpingo, ndi matailosi - matailosi kukongoletsa, zomwe zinali kukongoletsa.

moyo zakuthupi

The luso wakale wa Russia N'zovuta popanda woodcarving lapansi. Komanso anauza makolo athu kalekale. Chokongoletsedwa ndi zidole kusema ndi mipando, ziwiya kunyumba ndi nyumba. Wood imatengedwa ofunda, zinthu zamoyo. Monga zitsulo, ndi wokhoza kuteteza, kusunga kutuluka m'mavuto, kotero mankhwala nkhuni anakumana mu boma wakale kulikonse. Iye anachita mbali yaikulu mu ichi, ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu. Wood nyumba, opangidwa ndodo yokulungako ulusi ndi spindle, zidole ndi cradles, sledges ndi arcs. Nthawi zonse mu Russia, iye woyesedwa ndi mwayi waukulu. Master anayesa kumvetsetsa moyo unazunguliridwa mu chidutswa cha nkhuni, ndi kulenga tsiku ndi tsiku kapena chinthu chopatulika, tsegula ngati kuli kotheka, popanda kuwonjezera kwambiri kwa inu.

carvers ambiri aluso ankaona Novgorod. Pa gawo la mzinda wakale nthawi ina kale ndi chipilala chidwi a zomangamanga matabwa wapezeka: chilango mzati, chojambulidwa cha m'ma 11. Utali wonse wa iwo chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli, amajambulapo maluwa okongola limene mobwerezabwereza.

njira aiwala

Monga zimachitika kawirikawiri, mkubwela kwa zipangizo zatsopano ndi umisiri lotha kudziwa zimasuluka ku maziko, nthawizina linasiiratu, nthawi zina kukhalabe yekha mu mawonekedwe a zinthu zosoŵa silinawonongedwe ndi nthawi. Ambiri luso Kievan Lazaro kwadzaoneni mu njira iyi. Mwachitsanzo, lero, anthu ochepa mukudziwa kuti nkhuni kusema, ataima pa utumiki wachikristu, ntchito osati kulenga chokongoletsera mkati ndi kunja kwa mkati mpingo. Ambuye anapanga iconostasis ndi Kyoto - ndi wokongola odziwika bwino mfundo. Anataya Time Art zithunzi matabwa. Pa chilengedwe cha zithunzi woyera ntchito woodcarving lero kwenikweni amadziwika.

Stone osula golide

Timatheriyali mu Russia n'zogwirizana ndi osiyanasiyana zipangizo anagawira pa dera la kum'mawa Asilavo Pamudzi. Kupatula iwo tanenera kale, mbuye ntchito mwala. Zamgululi zopangidwa si otsika mu kukongola ndi kukongola kwa zolengedwa matabwa. Stone kusema chokongoletsedwa nyumba, nthawi zambiri anamanga laimu woyera, kufufuta kapena nsangalabwi. Nthawi zina anakumana pa nkhani zing'onozing'ono. Mu Russia, fupa zisa, ndipo zithunzi afalitsidwa. Ambuye ntchito pa chilengedwe cha zithunzi ka oyera. mafano amenewa akhoza kufooka mozungulira khosi, atapachikidwa pa lamba wa. Nthawi zambiri, kusema pa matailosi mwala yothandizana mpingo.

Udindo wa olamulira

zamanja akale Russia ofunika mosiyana. Iwo agawidwa m'magulu awiri. Ndi akulemekezedwa wosasamala zodzikongoletsera (goldsmithery), chizindikirocho kupenta malonda ndi anthu ena. Pakati pa "zonyansa" linali, monga mbiya.

Nthawi zambiri, mbuye ntchito kuyitanitsa. Amisiri a nthawi yomweyo kuti strata osiyana a anthu. M'mizinda mukhoza kukumana Yekha Ambuye. Iwo ankachita blacksmithing, ntchito zodzikongoletsera, embossed ndi iconography. Akalonga ndi boyars mayadi, minda ndi minda anakhala amisiri yozungulira ndi akapolo. akatswiri osiyanasiyana angapezeke mu mchitidwe.

Chirengedwe cha manja wamkazi

Ilo liri mu mchitidwe umenewu ambiri anayamba zamanja ngati wakale wa Russia monga kusoka ndi kuluka. Iwo anachita ndi akazi. Mankhwala ambuye nthawi ina ndiponso lero Timasangalalanso ndi kukongola kwake. Nsalu anapangidwa kuchokera hemp, fulakesi kapena ubweya. The ndondomeko kupanga wakhala zosavuta kanthu pambuyo maonekedwe a nsalu yopingasa. Izo zinachitika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 12 ndi 13.

mtundu wamba needlework wamkazi unafanizitsidwa kuluka: chinangwa, nsalu pa lona, "silika pyalichnoe ntchito" (Vshivkov ndi hoop) ndi zina zotero. Ambuye chokongoletsedwa ndi dongosolo zosiyanasiyana ziwiya mpingo ndi katundu wa m'nyumba. Old Russian amalonda nsalu zambiri zimagulitsidwa ku mayiko ena. Palinso anasangalala kuzizwa konsekonse.

sakuyendetsa zosakhalitsa

maluwa nthawi mu mbiri ya nthawi zambiri m'malo zaka ndi zina zaka za kuwonongeka. Ndi okhumudwa anali zamanja la Russia kwa zaka za m'ma 14, pa ulamuliro yokhalitsa kwambiri za Mongol-Chitata khans. ambuye ambiri anafa pa nkhondo pofuna kuteteza midzi. Pa nzeru Russia a Mongol-Chitata goli pafupifupi kwathunthu anasiya chitukuko cha malonda zodzikongoletsera, adaleka yopanga enamel, filigree ndi granulation. Osati zochepa anakhudzidwa ndi zamanja ena. Komabe, chitsitsimutso zaluso ntchito idayamba lotsatira, m'zaka 15.

kachiwiri kuyanga

Pakati pa 15 ndi 17 m'ma inali nthawi yolimbitsa latsopano Russian boma. Center wa United maukulu anali Moscow. zamanja wakale analiko Russia kwa zaka zambiri, anayamba apeze patsogolo kachiwiri. Mukudziwa anafuna anazungulira nokha ndi zinthu zabwino mwanaalirenji ndi chuma. Wopalamula kalonga, ndi mfumu, anasonkhana amisiri chinkhoswe mu mwala kusema ndi mitengo, kuluka komanso nsalu, zodzikongoletsera malonda.

Development kulandira ndi ubwenzi chofunika ndalama. Chifukwa cha ntchito zamanja mu Russia m'zaka za m'ma 16 akhala gweronso lalikulu la ndalama okhala m'mizinda yambiri. Pang'onopang'ono anapanga luso zopanga tokha ndi zamanja. The wamkulu wa iwo amene anatuluka mu zaka 16-17 Utatu-Sergio obisika. Apa mbuye chinkhoswe mu woodcarving ndi mafupa, ndipo kenako anatuluka ndi chidole nsomba.

nyenyezi World

Pambuyo pa zaka 15, mwachangu anayamba pafupifupi onse luso mu Russia. Ana makamaka bwino pakati pawo Khokhloma kupenta ndi zidole Dymkovo. Izi mitundu ya zaluso ndi ntchito zamanja, ndi lero ndi otchuka kwambiri, osati dziko lathu komanso kunja.

Khokhloma luso Polemeretsedwa Russia m'ma 17. Mtundu uwu wa kupenta ntchito azikongoletsa zosiyanasiyana ziwiya matabwa ndi mipando. Khokhloma bwino kuzindikira chifukwa mitundu mwambo: wofiira, wakuda ndi wobiriwira pa maziko golide. Tinali ambuye a penti zobisika zawo. Mwachitsanzo, kwa maziko nkhuni si waikamo ufa golide, ndi osakaniza a malata ndi siliva. mankhwala ndiye yokutidwa ndi pawiri wapadera ndi kuphika mu uvuni kangapo. Kotero kukwaniritsa kufunika golide bulauni. Khokhloma kupenta zonse kwathunthu chimakwirira mankhwala pa mtengo analibe zambiri.

Bright ndi wapadera

Wina wotchuka luso lojambula, wochokera zikuoneka mu nthawi ino - izo Dymkovo chidole. Dzinali iye analandira pa malo amene anachokera. Kirov kuthetsa Dymkovo anali wotchuka ndi dongo ake ofiira. Mu dziko palibe mankhwala ngati chidole yowala ndipo mokondwera. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti luso yopanga ndi wosavuta, ndi fano ngati mukufuna, mukhoza kudzipereka.

Timatheriyali kwa Russia yakale sanaiwale lero. Mukhoza akunena kuti ali ndi msinkhu wa chitukuko. Akuchita chidwi ndi miyambo wowerengeka wa masiku amakedzana: zikhulupiriro, zovala, miyambo, ndi luso ndi ntchito zamanja. Timatheriyali mwakhama kuphunzira monga kwa zapaderazi yoyenera ku mayunivesite ndi zake. Timatheriyali amakonda lero mu ankafuna kwambiri, koma chifukwa mbuye mokondwera titembenukira kwa luso chikhalidwe. Kagwiridwe Pankhaniyi amaloŵamo zosiyanasiyana kusintha: ntchito ya nyimbo yatsopano, utoto, zapansi ndi chikukonzekera, zina - Zipangizo zoyendera magetsi magetsi. Komano, zina, njira yopangira wonse amakhalabe sichinasinthe.

Tikumbukenso kuti kuphunzira funso la mtundu wanji wa luso yapangidwa Russia, ndikofunika kuzindikira chifukwa choyambirira chikhalidwe Russian, zimathandiza kumva mzimu. Chitsitsimutso chidwi nkhani imeneyi kungasonyeze kufunika kwa njira zimenezi. Tikhoza kunena kuti luso mu Russia (zithunzi za malonda zosiyanasiyana nadzaza Internet, kokha kutsimikizira izo) ndi moyo kupitiriza kukhala.