Mapulogalamu opulumutsa zinthu. Zipangizo zamakono. Zatsopano zamakono

Makampani amakono akukula kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi zaka zapitazi, chitukukochi chikuchitika mwakuya, ndikukhudzidwa ndi zochitika zatsopano za sayansi. Zipangizo zamakono zopulumutsa ndalama ndizofunika kwambiri. Mawu awa amamveka ngati dongosolo lonse la kayendedwe kotsata kwambiri kuchepetsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zipangizo zomwe zimaperekedwa kuti khalidwe lapamwamba la khalidwe la mankhwala likhalebe. Ndibwino kuti, ayesetse kupeza njira zochepetsera zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Zoperekera zomwe zingatheke kukhazikitsidwa

Ngakhale kulimbika kwa mabungwe a zachilengedwe ndi olemba malamulo, palibe chifukwa chokamba za kuchepa kulikonse komwe kumapangidwira chilengedwe ndi makampani ogulitsa mafakitale. Ku Russia kokha, kuwonongeka kwa mafakitale kumaphatikizapo mabiliyoni 150 biliyoni pa chaka, ndipo ku United States, chiwerengerochi ndikumacheza pafupifupi 7 peresenti ya GDP ya pakhomo!

Zochitika padziko lapansi zikuwonetsa kuti ndalama zomwe zipangizo zamakono zowonetsera zopangidwira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yoyamba zowonongeka sizili zofanana ndi zomwe zimayesa kuthetsa zotsatira za kugwiritsira ntchito njira zopanda ntchito komanso zonyansa. Malamulo a kubweza kwathunthu kwa matekinoloje atsopano sapitirira zaka zisanu.

Choopsa chachikulu ndi kuchepa kwa mchere. Choncho, zaka 50 zokha zapitazo, zida zachitsulo sizinapangidwe ngati zitsulo zomwe zili mkati mwake zinali zosakwana 50-60%. Lero, kuchotsa ngakhale mafuta, omwe sali oposa 30% ya chitsulo, akuyamba.

Ngakhalenso phulusa la makala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa CHP zomera lero limaposa 30%, pamene m'ma 1960s mndandandawu sunapitilire 20%. Mizinda ina imakakamizika kugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zotentha, phulusa zomwe zimapitirira 55%. Komanso, nthawi zina zowonjezera zowonjezera za zipangizo ngakhale madontho a zaka zapitazo zayamba kale. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala. Motero, matekinoloji opulumutsa ndalama ndi ofunika kwambiri, chifukwa amalola kuti mafakitale ndi chuma cha dziko lonse adye zakudya zoperewera, kupanga zinthu zambiri.

Kodi zipangizo zimasungidwa bwanji?

Kawirikawiri, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapindulitsa kudzera mu kugwiritsa ntchito kachida ka zonyansa. Choncho, pa chitsulo chosungira zitsulo tsopano sichigwiritsidwa ntchito osachepera 30 peresenti ya zitsulo zamagetsi, pakapanga mapepala amapanga 25% papepala kuti abwezeretsenso. Kupanga zitsulo zopanda zitsulo kumagwiritsa ntchito 20% za zipangizo zoyamba zam'mwamba. Tiyenera kudziŵa kuti kuchuluka kwa ndalama zamalonda chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa zipangizo zamakono zowonongeka zowonongeka zimakhala zocheperapo nthaŵi zinayi kusiyana ndi pakupanga malo opangira migodi.

Poganizira kuti sikofunikira kukhazikitsa ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito zitsulo zamakinale, mateloji awa amalola kuchepa kwa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu kuti athe kuchepetsa kutentha kwa thupi. Mwachidule, kuwononga kwa wowonjezera kutentha kumachepetsedwa. M'mawu ena, kuikapo ndalama muzochitikazi ndi kopindulitsa kwambiri.

Kodi njira zamakono zamakono opulumutsa zinthu zimalola chiyani?

Choyamba, matekinoloji onse opulumutsa zinthu angathe kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndi mpweya ku chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, pokhudzana ndi zitsulo zamakloroni kuchokera ku metallurgical titanium ku processing, mlingo wa klorini umatulutsa chilengedwe chafupika ndi 50%!

Malo omwe kale ankakhala ndi zipangizo zamakono kapena mafakitale, matekinoloje atsopanowu amalola kuti asakhale ndi zinyalala kwathunthu ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zosangalatsa. Mwa njira, kutumizira ku kusungunuka kwa zinyalala, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi sulfure dioxide (mumtambo womwewo, mwachitsanzo), sikuti kumachepetsa kwambiri kuwononga kwa chilengedwe, komanso kumachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa sulfure yoyamba yopangidwa.

Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti matebulo atsopano apange maziko othandizira kusakaza kwa polymeric: mwachitsanzo, kutentha kwenikweni kwa matani awiri a mabotolo apulasitiki ndi ofanana ndi mtengo umodzi wa mafuta osakaniza! Potero, pakupanga mafyuluta a mbadwo watsopano, tikhoza kutenthetsa malo akuluakulu kwa zaka zambiri, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinyalala za pulasitiki kuchokera kumtunda ...

Yerekezerani ...

Chofunika kwambiri, chomwe chiri ndi matekinoloje atsopano a mafakitale mumakampani achitsulo ndi zitsulo. Ngati tani ya zidutswa zasungunuka, kuipitsa kwa chilengedwe (poyerekeza ndi smelting steel kuchokera ore) kunachepetsedwa ndi 86%, madzi ndi 76% pang'ono, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zonyansa kunachepetsedwa ndi 57%! Pafupifupi chithunzithunzi chomwecho chimapezeka ngati tifanizire kupanga mapepala kuchokera ku pepala lopaka komanso pulasitiki.

Musaiwale za chilengedwe!

Poganizira kuti zinthu zomwe zikuchitika m'deralo zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, matekinoloje onse amakono ayenera kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa zinthu zoopsa mumlengalenga. Poganizira momwe Norilsk ndi mizinda ina ya metallurgical masiku ano, osati m'dziko lathu lenileni, koma padziko lonse lapansi, mafakitale atsopano sakuyenera kupereka ntchito kwa anthu zikwizikwi omwe ali ndi malonda olemera, komanso amateteza thanzi lawo.

Kodi njira zatsopano zopangira zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ziti?

Choyamba, kusinthanitsa minofu ya zipangizo zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano, zomwe zimapereka kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ndi khalidwe labwino. Mwachitsanzo, mu utoto ndi ma varnish, njirayi inachititsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe abwino pa zitsulo zamadzi ndi zinthu zosungunuka madzi.

Kwa ogwiritsira ntchito mapeto, ntchito yosungidwa ya mankhwalawa ndi yofunikanso popanda kuwononga makhalidwe ake enieni. Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri ndi kubwezeretsa filimu ya polymer ndi pepala pa tepi. Makhalidwe ake amakhala ofanana, koma kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndi mpweya m'mlengalenga kwacheperachepera. Awa ndi matekinoloji opulumutsa zopindulitsa, zitsanzo zomwe timanena m'nkhani yathu.

Inde, ndizofunikira kwambiri kusintha ndondomeko yamakono yokha, kotero kuti ikugwirizana ndi zenizeni zamakono. Kotero, lero, kufunika kotereku kumaphatikizapo kutumizidwa kwa zopangidwe kuntchito yopitilira yopanga. Njirayi ndi yodalirika kwambiri kusiyana ndi kutseka nthawi ndi kukonza zipangizo, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mpweya wa zinthu zovulaza.

Izi zimagwirizananso kwambiri ndi zofunikira zowonjezera kupanga zipangizo zatsopano, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zochepa, mafuta ndi zipangizo zoperekera. Mafakitale opulumutsa njira zoterezi m'makampaniwa amachulukitsa kwambiri manufacturability yopanga. Izi sizikuthandizira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala, komanso zimapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mtengo wogulitsa.

Makompyuta - kwa anthu!

Mwachitsanzo, izi zimaphatikizapo makina a CNC ndi mizere yopangira makompyuta yomwe ingathe kuchotsa mbali zofunikira ndizovuta kwambiri komanso chuma. Makina otere (poyerekezera ndi ochiritsira) amapereka kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndi 50-80%. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, palibe chifukwa chodandaula ndi msinkhu wophunzitsira antchito.

Dziwani kuti kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje amakono sikuyenera kumangotanthauza kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala, komanso kusungidwa kwawo kosungika. Chinthu chotsiriza chimaphatikizapo zofunikira izi:

• Malo opangidwira zowononga zowonongeka sayenera kugwirizana ndi chilengedwe.
• Zonongeka zonse ziyenera kusungidwa kotero kuti zidzakhale zosavuta kuti ziwatumize kuti zibwezeretsedwe.
• Ngati kusungidwa kwachitsulo pazomwe zilipo kale ndizosatheka, ziyenera kusamutsidwa kudziko limene zikanakhala zovuta kwambiri (kusungunula mafuta a nyukiliya).
• Choncho, zida zogwiritsira ntchito nthawi yosungirako ziyenera kukhala zochepa kuti ziwonongeke ndi zina zolakwika zachilengedwe.

Zitsanzo zofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito matekinoloje opulumutsa zogwiritsa ntchito

Chitsanzo choyambirira chikhoza kuonedwa ngati pyrolysis yamalidwe opangira mazira, njira zamagetsi zobvala, njira zamakina zamchere zamchere, zomwe zimapangidwanso mafuta, komanso feteleza zam'mimba , zowonjezera zowonjezera. Zonsezi "zokondweretsa" zamakono sizongowonjezera kwambiri zopangira zofunikira, koma zimapanganso zinthu zambiri. Makamaka zikukhudza processing ya peat, pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othandizira mankhwala kuchokera kuzipangizo zamakono za CHP ngakhale mankhwala akupezeka!

Zitsanzo za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mankhwala

Ngati mukuganiza kuti kuyambitsidwa kwa matekinoloji opulumutsa zogwiritsira ntchito zowonongeka kumatopa ndi njira zatsopano zopezera zowonjezera zowonjezereka ndi mankhwala, ndiye mukulakwitsa kwambiri. Pakalipano chitukuko cha teknoloji chimapanga kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale mu malingaliro.

Choncho, nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mabakiteriya a zitsulo, pamene zimachokera ku migodi yomwe ili ndi zinthu zing'onozing'ono (zotayika kale) zimatha kuchotsa zipangizo zamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri, popanda kuipitsa chigawo chonsecho ndi dumps ku chitukuko. Chokongola kwambiri ndi m'zigawo za bakiteriya zamtengo wapatali ... kuchokera kumadzi osefukira! Ndipo sitikulankhula za mafakitale a metallurgical, komanso zazing'ono zamakono.

Choncho, kuyambitsidwa kwa matekinoloji opulumutsa mphamvu kumasonyeza kukula kwa chitukuko osati kwa makampani okha, koma kwa anthu onse. Kusunga chilengedwe pozungulira ife, timasamutsira kwa ana athu.

Kuonjezerapo, polemba lekha, n'zotheka kupeza sulfure yochuluka kuchokera ku malasha otsika kwambiri, omwe sali oyenerera china chirichonse. Mwa njira, m'dziko lathu m'zaka zaposachedwa, luso la mankhwala opangidwa ndi otsika kwambiri la malasha akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama, kuchokera ku nthaka yabwino yomwe imapezeka.

Ntchito yomanga

Zida zamakono zomangamanga m'nthawi yathu ndi konkire ya konkire ndi yolimbikitsidwa. M'dziko lathu lokha m'chaka chawo amatha kupanga matani oposa 250 miliyoni. Ndichifukwa chake makono opanga zamakono zamakono akuwongolera patsogolo chuma cha chuma chawo potulutsidwa.

Kusungirako zinthu zowonjezera pakupanga konkire yowonjezeredwa

Vuto ndiloti konkire yowonjezeredwa ndi zinthu zamagetsi zedi, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito magetsi ambiri. Kuti apange mita imodzi yokha ya cubic, 470,000 kcal amagwiritsidwa ntchito! Ngati njira zamakono zili zopanda ungwiro, kapena ngati pakufunika kuthira zitsulo zamakonzedwe kwinakwake pamtunda, ndalamazo zingathe kupitirira 1 miliyoni kcal!

Poganizira kuti chuma cha dziko lapansi chikufunikira matani 12 miliyoni a konkire chaka, magetsi ndi magetsi opanga mphamvu zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri.

Vuto lofunika kwambiri ndilokutaya kwakukulu kwa simenti ndi omanga. Pali njira zingapo zothetsera vutoli. Choyamba, kugwilitsika nchito kwakukulu kwa nkhaniyi kumachitika pamene omanga amagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro osayenera omwe sagwirizana ndi cholinga china. Kotero, kawirikawiri izi zimawonetseredwa ngati mmalo mwa mchenga wabwinobwino ntchito PGS.

Kwazing'ono, n'zotheka kuchepetsa ndalama pogwiritsa ntchito zowonjezeretsa pulasitiki, zomwe tsopano zikuyimiridwa pa malo omanga maiko onse. Mlangizi wamapamwamba wapamwamba amalola kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa simenti pang'onopang'ono ndi 20 peresenti, ndipo zizindikiro za mphamvu za zomangamanga sizidzakhudzidwa. Poona kuti matekinoloje atsopanowo mumalonda amaletsa maina awo mazana, zida zowonjezera mafuta ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zilizonse zoyenera.

Ndalama zina zamagetsi

Ndi ukalamba wosakanizidwa mu mawonekedwe a zitsulo, mita imodzi ya konkire "idya" pafupifupi 60,000 kcal. Ngati zipangizozo sizowonongeka, kutaya kwa kutentha kumawonjezereka bwino. Kotero, mu mafakitale ena chiwerengerochi chikuposa 200 kcal zikwi imodzi pa mita imodzi ya konkire. Choncho, n'zotheka kuchepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito moyenera kwambiri chuma mobwerezabwereza, mwa kukonzanso zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi yokonza konkire.

Njira yodalirika ndiyokutentha mafuta osakaniza ndi magetsi (m'nyengo yozizira). Pankhaniyi, n'zotheka kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa osati simenti yokha, komanso plasticizer mu chisakanizo.

Njira zina zosungira simenti

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ntchito yaikulu yolakwika imawonetsedwa ndi kutayika kwakukulu kwa simenti pa kayendetsedwe kake. Mulimonsemo sangathe kutsegula katunduwu, kutengeka ndi katundu wambiri nthawi zambiri sikuloledwa. Kutayika kwa simenti kumangokhala kwakukulu, ngati koyamba kumanyamulidwa ndi zoyendetsa panyanja, ndiye kumangowonjezera ku nsanja zapamtunda, zomwe zimanyamula ndi magalimoto.

Kutayika kumeneku kungapewe ngati chithunzithunzi cha simenti chimasamutsidwa kupita kutali. Ikhoza kutulutsidwa nthawi zopanda malire. Pamene nkhaniyo ikuperekedwa kumalo ogwirira ntchito, khungu limangokhala pansi, kupeza sopo wamtengo wapatali pa kuchuluka kwake.

Chofunikira kwambiri ndichinthu choyenera cha kusankha konkire, zomwe zingagwirizane ndi ntchito inayake. Khalani ndikuwonetsa kuti zoposa 30% za chiwonongeko chathunthu cha simenti pa milandu pamene omanga amagwiritsa ntchito konkire yolakwika. Zotsatira zake, pali nthawi pamene ntchito iyenera kubwezeretsedwa.

Choncho, chitukuko cha matekinoloje amakono chiyenera kuthandiza kusunga zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu onse a sayansi ndi mafakitale. Poyambitsa njira zatsopano zopangira, tingathe kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa mumlengalenga ndi madzi, kupatula chilengedwe kwa mibadwo yonse yotsatira.