Zingwe yoweramitsidwa zida: malongosoledwe a gulu

Maziko a Symphony Orchestra gulu ili pakati, patsogolo pa omvetsera ndi wochititsa. Izi zingwe zida yoweramitsidwa. gwero phokoso ndi akututuma chingwe. Gawo Hornbostelya Sachs-zingwe zida yoweramitsidwa otchedwa chordophones. Pamene violin awiri, viola ndi cello sasewera, muli ndi chingwe anai. Izi chipinda nyimbo chingwe zoimbira za zingwe.

akalambula

Kawiri basses, cellos, violas ndi violin ngakhale osati woyamba, anali yoyamba viola, amene anakhala wotchuka m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu. Mkokomo wa iwo anali zofewa ndi wofatsa kwambiri, posapita wokondedwa aliyense yana. Zingwe yoweramitsidwa zida, monga, anaonekera kale violas, koma iwo ali wamng'ono kwambiri anakudzula zida.

Uta kupangidwa mu India, ngakhale Agiriki akale sanali kudziwa za izo. Aluya, Aperisiya, Africa anadutsa izo kuchokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana monga ndodo mwachangu, kutsogolera, ndipo pang'onopang'ono (cha m'ma chitatu), uta anadza kwa Europe. Pali analenga zingwe zida yoweramitsidwa, umene kusintha anabereka viola choyamba, zeze kenako.

viola

Viola anali zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo kuchokera m'mwamba mawu osiyanasiyana, ena ataima pakati pa mawondo ake, winayo - pa maondo ake, ndipo ena - zikuluzikulu - anaima pa benchi ndipo iwo anali kusewera ubwenzi. Palinso ang'onoang'ono viola, amene ankanena monga zeze pa phewa lake. Viola da gamba ukadali kumeneko m'gulu, iye wokoma mtima kwambiri ndi wokongola "mawu." Iye kupambana analipo mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, ena cello nthawi anaimba chipani. Only mu 1905 pa viola da gamba m'gulu anabwerera. Zingwe yoweramitsidwa zoimbira kwambiri Polemeretsedwa liwu lawo ndi kubwerera ake.

Nthawi zambiri, viola kwa nthawi yaitali anali olemekezeka zovomerezeka: ali ndi zabwino ngati mkokomo muffled, nyimbo zikumveka organically Kandulo, pamene oimba mikanjo veleveti ndi mawigi ufa. Choyamba zeze wowerengeka nyimbo anapambana, kotero zachifumu ndi salons wa yaitali awo kuti sadzalowa, pali analamulira ndi viol ndi lute.

nyimbo Viola zotentha ku zipangizo wapatali kwambiri ndipo anali wokongola kwambiri, ngakhalenso atsogoleri nthawi zambiri zaluso chosema mu mawonekedwe a maluwa, atsogoleri a nyama kapena anthu.

ambuye

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, mkubwela kwa violin, lute ndi violovye amisiri anayamba retrain kwa zipangizo monga fairground wowerengeka kuchotsa achifumu akale, chifukwa anali ndi mipata yambiri kuchotsa mawu, limaonetseratu ndi mwaukadaulo aluso. Mu Cremona, anakhazikitsa wotchuka sukulu ya Andrea Amati, amene anakhala cholowa. mdzukulu wake anakhoza kuti violin amene modabwitsa khama kumveka ndi chikondi, softness ndipo zosiyanasiyana kamvekedwe anali.

Zeze anakhala okhoza onse: kufotokoza mmene anthu ngakhale kutsanzira intonations a mawu. patapita zaka, mbuye wina - Antonio Stradivari, wophunzira Nicolò Amati, anatsegula msonkhano wake komanso anachita bwino. Komanso kwambiri anali mphunzitsi ndi Dzhuzeppe Gvarneri, amene anabwera ndi zeze kapangidwe latsopano, wangwiro kwambiri. Maphunziro onsewa anali banja, choncho anapitiriza, ndi ana, ndi zidzukulu. Anapanga osati zeze, komanso ena zingwe zida zonse yoweramitsidwa.

Mayina a zida loimba

The m'kaundula pamwamba pa chingwe uta ali ndi zeze, ndi otsika - yoimba. Pafupi kulira kwa zeze ndi - basi pansipa - zikumveka Alto, ngakhale m'munsi - cello. mawonekedwe ake onse zingwe zida yoweramitsidwa akufanana ndi chithunzi anthu, koma zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Nyumba violin ali adzikometsa awiri - chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi, woyamba unapangidwa mapulo ndi zina kudya. sitimayo kuti ndi udindo khalidwe ndi mphamvu ya kulira. Ili pamwamba lopotana kagawo - F-mayenje, ndi iwo amaoneka ngati kalata "f". Kuti thupi Ufumuyo khosi (imene 'kuthamanga "zala za woyimba zeze a), Nthawi zambiri nkalati, ndi pamwamba pa zingwe - anayi. Iwo amagwira zitalizitali, kupotoza ndi kukoka pa iwo. Apa ndi kutalika mpumulo wa phokoso zimadalira woyimba zeze mingoli chitoliro, twirling akuwaza.

Kodi kusewera iwo

Alt zeze zikuluzikulu, ngakhale chimangokhala pa phewa lake. Cello zikuluzikulu, kuyiimba iyo atakhala pa mpando, kukonza chida pansi pa mapazi ake. Bass zambiri kuposa kukula kwa cello ndi, yoimba player zonse maseŵero aimirire, mu nthawi zina, amakhala pa mpando mkulu.

Tiweramitse - ndodo ya mtengo, amene anatambasula wandiweyani kavalo tsitsi, kenako afewetsedwa rosin - paini utomoni. Ndiye tiweramitse pang'ono amakhala ndi chingwe ndi mmene kukokera pamodzi. Chingwe vibrates ndi chifukwa zikumveka. Onse zingwe yoweramitsidwa zida Symphony Orchestra ntchito pa mfundo imeneyi. Pamene chofunika mphambu pa chingwe uta, mukhoza kuchotsa anakudzula zomvetsera (pizzicato), ndipo ngakhale kugunda gawo matabwa a uta.

Alto

Viola zikuwoneka zofanana kwambiri ndi zeze, iye basi onse pang'ono ndi wautali, koma timbre wapadera wake, kuwomba m'munsi ndi thicker. Siyense woyimba zeze akhoza kuimba viola ndi choncho mu masentimita makumi asanu yaitali, inde, kuphatikiza khosi. Zala ayenera kukhala amphamvu ndi yaitali, burashi lonse ndi amphamvu kwambiri. Ndipo, ndithudi, timafunika tilinazo wapadera. makhalidwe onsewa ali osowa ndithu.

Ngakhale analemba viola si monga otchuka monga gulu lotsalira a zida yoweramitsidwa zingwe, komabe ndikofunika mu nthetemya yana. Pamene akusewera payekha Mwachitsanzo, Yuriy Bashmet, phindu la chida cha makamaka anamvera.

cello

Palibe chida zambiri ndinazolowera zakukhosi monga ukali, chisoni, chisoni, ngakhale mtima. Cello ali ndi mawu opyoza moyo achilendo timbre, palibe chida ena sakonda. Dzina lake Aleksandr akumwetulira poyerekeza ake "Chofiira matanga" chitoliro ndi msungwana woyera dzina lake Assol ndi cello - ndi mokhudza Carmen. Ndithudi, cello n'chachikuludi zimafalitsa lokoma ndi khalidwe omveka.

Cello amatuluka panthawi yofanana ndi violin ndi olamulira yoyambirira, koma angwiro mwa Antonio Stradivari. chida ichi kwa nthawi yaitali sanadziwe m'gulu, n'kusiya thandizo chipani chake, koma pamene liwu kwenikweni anamva zambiri analemba ndalemba payekha ndi chipinda nyimbo cello ndi asangalatsi kunadetsa angwiro njira kusewera chida ichi.

contrabass

Izi otsika-zingwe yoweramitsidwa chida pa m'kaundula. Fomu pa yoimba chitoliro monga kwambiri: thupi mumbali, mapewa ake mosabisa ndi khosi. Phokoso la amphamvu, olemera, osauka, ndi oketsra ake sizikumveka bwino popanda yoimba, kotero yoimba amachita irreplaceable. Komanso, safa iliyonse oketsra - ngakhale jazi. Ndi chofunika kwambiri.

Ngati ife tikufanizira zigoli loimba ndi thupi, yoimba - ndi mafupa limene, motero, ndi "nyama" - ndi limodzi amgwirizano ndi melodic mzere - "khungu", zikuonekeratu kuti zonse. Ngati ife kulingalira kuti mafupa a thupi chachotsedwa n'chiyani? Inde, wopanda mawonekedwe thumba. Ndi zofunika chomwecho ndi yoimba pa izo nkumagwiritsabe. Kodi zida chingwe & uta adzatha kusunga kayendedwe ka oketsra lonse? Only basses.

zeze

Zingwe yoweramitsidwa zida ndi zapamwamba izo mfumukazi pamene zeze akuyimba, ena zitha nawo nyimbozo. Phokoso akutengedwa njira akathyali, zimene palibe chida ena gulu ili sadziwa. Tiweramitse ndi zovuta akhakula, horsehair, zamwano, grated rosin - pafupifupi kupala chifukwa amphamvu rosin n'kuwaza fumbi. Pamene uta akubwera zingwe, timitengo ndi yomweyo chimakakamiza chingwe, mochuluka bwanji ndatopa elasticity yake, ndiyeno izo zifika kutali, kuti yomweyo n'kudziphatika kachiwiri. Apa ndi kayendedwe ka chingwe - ngakhale pamene iyo imakoka uta, ndi sinusoidal pa kubwerera - ndipo pomaliza timbre wapadera.

Ndi suoneka kuti: mu zida zina, gitala Mwachitsanzo, zingwe ndi kuziluka pa sills yaikulu ya zitsulo, pamene zeze iwo amadalira nkhuni, m'malo wosalimba maimidwe amene zimasiyanasiyana ndi masewera mbali zonse, ndi kusinthasintha awa amapereka zingwe onse, ngakhale chakuti uta si nkhawa. Choncho chithunzithunzi chonse apamaliro sadzachitanso amaonekera akuwonjezeka makamaka kumalimbitsa phokoso la chida cha.

mipata chida

Intonation ufulu zeze kuwomba chabe wosatha. Zimakhala osati kuyimba kokha, koma kwa mluzu, ndiponso motengera ndi creaking chitseko ndipo akulira mbalame. Ndipo kamodzi pa kanema inaonetsa April wakupupwa Humorina kumene woyimba zeze zosangalatsa omvera ndi kutengera masewero kwathunthu zifukwa nyimbo. Mwachitsanzo, illegible mawu woyang'anira pa siteshoni, kulengeza kufika kwa sitima yapamtunda. Mawu "pavtaryaaaayu" zeze zochititsa tsutsa. Kugonjetsa chida amadalira kwambiri pa khalidwe la kumva Executive, ndi maphunziro akhale nthawi yaitali. Sikunapite pachabe, ana amayamba kuphunzira mwamsanga zaka zitatu kapena zinai kuti chifukwa yabwino.