Zogwirizana cholowa

Zoterezi cholowa cha makhalidwe, ambiri kuphunzira chibadwa. Kuti akufotokoza kufanana kwa ana ndi makolo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ena mwa maonekedwe a zizindikiro tinatengera pamodzi. zodabwitsazi limafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kwa nthawi yoyamba wasayansi T. Morgan, inali kudziŵika kuti "cholowa zogwirizana." Ife kulankhula za izo.

Monga amadziwika, aliyense thupi nambala inayake imene imachititsa. DNA monga mu nkhani iyi - ngati nambala mosamalitsa zochepa. Yerekezerani ndi thupi la thanzi ali 46 DNA. Gene monga ndi zikwi zambiri. Weruzani nokha: iliyonse jini udindo khalidwe makamaka, akuwonetseredwa mu maonekedwe a munthu. Mwachibadwa, ambiri a iwo. Choncho, ife anayamba kulankhula za chakuti majini ambiri ndi isanafalikire kuti asakhale ndi vutoli limodzi. majini zimenezi zimatchedwa magulu Mgwirizano ndi kutifotokozera zogwirizana cholowa. Chotero chiphunzitso n'kofunika kuti asayansi kwa nthawi yaitali, koma T. Morgan anapereka tanthauzo lake.

Mosiyana ndi cholowa cha majini amene ali isanafalikire awiriawiri osiyanasiyana asakhale ndi vutoli chomwecho, yogwirizana cholowa amachititsa mapangidwe digeterozigotnoy munthu wa wiri zokha basi gametes, kubwereza ndondomeko ya majini makolo.

Pamodzi ndi ichi, pali gametes, kuphatikiza kwa majini osiyana DNA kholo. chotsatirachi chotsatira cha kusinthanitsidwa - ndondomeko amene kufunika chibadwa n'zovuta Musaone, chifukwa amalola ana kulandira zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana kwa makolo onse.

Mu chikhalidwe, pali mitundu itatu ya cholowa mbewu. Pofuna kudziwa zimene mtundu ndi chibadidwe awiri uyu wa iwo, ntchito mayeso mtanda. Chifukwa, ndi Onetsetsani kuti wina wa njira zitatu pansipa:

1. palokha cholowa. Mu nkhani iyi, hybrids ndi osiyana wina ndi mzake ndi makolo awo maonekedwe, mwa kulankhula kwina, chifukwa, tili 4 phenotypes osiyana.

2. Full guluu wolimba chibadwa. m'badwo woyamba wa hybrids anali akamagwira ankawoloka anthu makolo ali yemweyo fenotayipi osiyana makolo ndi mzake.

3. Tsankho guluu wolimba chibadwa. Monga mmene zinalili poyamba, pamene anawoloka akutembenukira grade 4 phenotypes osiyana. Pa nthawi yomweyo Komabe, mapangidwe genotypes latsopano zosiyana kwathunthu ku thumba kholo. Ndi mu nkhani iyi mu gamete ndondomeko mapangidwe zina kusinthanitsidwa tatchulazi.

Iwo anapeza kuti ang'onoang'ono mtunda pakati chibadwa anatengera kwa makolo awo khromozomu, m'pamenenso zonse zogwirizana cholowa. Choncho, patsogolo popanda iwo anakonza, ndi ochepa ndizi zidzachitika meiosis. Mtunda pakati majini - ndi chimene kwenikweni amasankha Mwina zogwirizana cholowa.

Payokha m'pofunika kuganizira cholowa zogwirizana zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Akamanena za izo ndi chimodzimodzi mu chimake zafotokozedwa pamwambapa Komabe, anatengera chibadwa Pankhaniyi anakonza mu DNA kugonana. Choncho, kulankhula za mtundu wa cholowa n'chotheka zinachitikira nyama (munthu pakati pawo), ena zokwawa ndi tizilombo.

Mogwirizana chakuti XY - akonzedwa DNA, lolingana chiwalo chachimuna ndi XX - wamkazi, tikuona kuti zinthu zonse zazikulu zomwe ali ndi udindo kwa umoyo wa thupi, ili khromozomu alipo genotype a chamoyo chilichonse. Kumene, tikulankhula za X - khromozomu. Akazi akhoza kupezeka onse recessive ndi lalikulu majini mu DNA lapansi. Amuna komanso akhoza adzalandira njira imodzi yokha - kutanthauza losokonekera kumaonekera fenotayipi kapena ayi.

Zogwirizana cholowa chifukwa kugonana mowirikiza ndamvapo pa nkhani ya matenda omwe ali achilendo kwa iwo amuna, pamene akazi onyamula yekha wa:

• amapatsira mwana wake,
• khungu;
• Nai Han - Alex syndrome.