A mwachidule mbiri ya Sociology yakale masiku ano

History of Sociology - sayansi za khalidwe la anthu monga nthambi ya nzeru, ndondomeko ya chitukuko ndi mapangidwe. Pa njira za khalidwe la anthu chitukuko lasintha yokulirapo ndithu ndi nkhani ya kafukufuku, ndi njira. Ngati ife kulankhula za nkhani monga mbiri za khalidwe la anthu, ndikofunikira muchigawane mu nyengo ziwiri: chisanadze sayansi ndi sayansi (amakono).

History of Sociology - nthawi chisanadze sayansi

Zosowa zakale nthawi. Mavuto a anthu kalelo, ali kwambiri chinkhoswe mu Agiriki. Chipatso cha maganizo awo, iwo adzakhala mawonekedwe a maphikidwe "anthu abwino" maonekedwe a munthu abwino. Mu nkhani ya kudziwa chikhalidwe cha anthu a anthanthi waukulu nthawi Mmagulumagulu. Mwachitsanzo, Aristotle ankakhulupirira anthu zachilengedwe ndi masoka zotsatira za chitukuko anthu, ndipo Plato, pa mwake - ndi mapangidwe yokumba.

Middle Ages. Ganizo zofunika pa nthawi ankakhulupirira kuti munthu ali nzika ya dziko - dongosolo, anakonza malinga ndi kupereka Mulungu. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, dzikoli, anthu onse - abale, ndi onse mofanana ochimwa. Kwa nthawi ino maganizo amakhala ndi uchimo choyambirira wa mwamuna aliyense ndi kulephera wake kudzimvera Kukonza popanda chifuniro cha Mulungu.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Iyi ndi nthawi wotulukira, osati madera komanso malamulo a anthu. Patapita zaka 14-16, pali anthu anzeru loyamba zosatheka (enaake - mfundo imeneyi ndi yosemphana ndi zinthu zenizeni moyo), British Thomas More, Francis Bacon, ndi Msipanishi T. Campanella ndi ena. Mu nkhani wake, utopias iwo utoto prototypes za "tsogolo lowala" kwa anthu onse.

Kwatsopano. nthawi kupambana kwa sayansi kupita patsogolo ndi chitukuko mofulumira zachuma ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu kwachititsa kuti zikamera ziphunzitso zatsopano. Choncho nthumwi ya Choonadi Hobbes m'zaka 17 kupangidwa lingaliro la "pangano chikhalidwe" kuti kulungamitsa zinthu zoti mphamvu ndipo kwa nthawi yoyamba anaitana kwa mafumu zochepa. Locke akufuna chiphunzitso cha kufanana chilengedwe anthu, chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa maziko a Declaration zamakono za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe.

History of Sociology - kuchokera malingaliro woyamba sayansi masiku athu

1842 - chaka cha chilengedwe ndi nzeru positivist. Mlembi wa chiphunzitso ichi Comte komanso imodzi la asayansi choyamba makhalidwe ndi oyamba kuthandauza maziko a sayansi. Motero, iye akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito sociological kufufuza njira chidwi, kusanthula poyerekeza ndi kuyesera, anatsimikiza chinthu ndi cholinga cha phunziroli. Choyamba mwachidule kudziwa kale anasonkhana, anapanga maziko a Chaanthu wa sayansi. Mmodzi wa akatswiri ambiri otchuka amatchedwanso Herbert Spencer, kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane lingaliro la zamoyo wa anthu monga mbali ya chikhalidwe. Mmodzi wa nthambi za ziphunzitso zake zidakhala chikhalidwe Darwin, lomwe kenako anayamba kukhala mitundu-anthropological sukulu ndi Zasintha Sumner, chimene chitukuko cha anthu ndi zachilengedwe ndipo ndi mbali ya lamulo kumutsogolera njira ya chitukuko cha mtundu wa anthu.

Mu zaka za m'ma 19, chiphunzitso Marx wa kalasi kulimbana ndi lochitira wakhala akupangidwa chiphunzitso cha formations umoyo ndi zachuma, chimene kutsutsana chachikulu pakati pa anthu ndi chuma payekha, chiwonongeko cha zomwe zingachititse kutha kwa makalasi. A Weber nthawi yomweyo amalenga chiphunzitso chakuti za khalidwe la anthu dongosolo.

L. Gumplowicz kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 atapereka mfundo yakuti chinthu kuphunzira za khalidwe la anthu ndi kuphunzira magulu chikhalidwe ndi zimene ankachita. Malinga ndi ntchito zake, aliyense gulu chikhalidwe competes ndi ena pa ufulu moyo ndi mayamwidwe chuma makamaka nawo. Chiyambi cha m'ma wotsiriza unali wotchuka ndi chiphunzitso cha elites Pareto.

M'zaka za m'ma 20 mfundo zambiri latsopano yapangidwa (behaviorism, ophiphiritsa interactionism, phenomenological Chaanthu, chiphunzitso cha yofunika kaphatikizidwe) masukulu sayansi ndi, makamaka otchuka pakati pawo anali Chikagkaya, Colombia ndi Frankfurt.

Mbiri ya Sociology Russian m'njira zambiri wofanana ndi European. Madziko anaikidwa mu chisanadze chosintha Russia, chifukwa cha maganizo a Slavophiles ndi azungu. Ndiyeno, pambuyo 1917 Russian Chaanthu anali kuiyang'anira okhwima maganizo ndipo anayamba makamaka mzere ndi Chaanthu Marx a. Only kumayambiriro 90 ntchentche ya Russian sayansi sociological wayamba kusangalala ndi zipatso za aphunzitsi Western ndi asayansi chathunthu.

Lero, mbiri ya Sociology chikukulirakulirabe ndi mfundo zatsopano ndi mbalume.