The nzeru za positivism: lingaliro, mtundu, maonekedwe

Positivism mu nzeru ndi imodzi mwa mizere ya lingaliro. Iye anabadwa mu zaka 30-40. Mu zaka zapitazo, ndipo anayambitsa malowa imatengedwa Ogyust Kont. malangizo amenewa ndi ambiri otchuka ndi wofala m'nthawi yathu. Ndime zotsatirazi ndi mawonekedwe ake zofunika.

The nzeru za positivism

oimira mfundoyi: Comte, Spencer, Mill ndi ena.

Monga Comte kuziganizira yekha mkangano idealists ndi materialists phindu chifukwa alibe chifukwa kwambiri. nzeru A chofunika, ndipo akuponda pa mzake ndipo akutsatira sayansi (zabwino) chidziwitso.

mawu Izi zikutanthauza kuti:

1. Kudziwa kuti odalirika ndi zolondola.

2. Pofuna kukwaniritsa chidziwitso cha nzeru ndi ntchito njira za sayansi ya cognition, njira yaikulu izo - ndi zi- wazotsatira.

3. nzeru ndi kuchita kafukufuku yekha kuti mfundo osati zimayambitsa awo, ndiponso kuyesetsa kukhala sverhnaukoy, "Mfumukazi ya sayansi," ambiri ongolankhula zinthu.

Komanso, Comte akufuna lamulo kusanduka wapawiri. Iye anafotokoza magawo atatu a chitukuko luso (miyambo chisanafike mafakitale ndi mafakitale anthu), amene akufanana ndi magawo atatu a kukula m'nzeru (achipembedzo kapena m'maphunziro, ndi akamabadwa ndi a worldview sayansi). Komatu maziko anaikidwa positivism Comte, amene patsogolo, wodzilemekeza ndiponso kupitiriza kukhala chifukwa akatswiri ena lero.

The nzeru za positivism: Empiric

oimira mfundoyi: Mach, Avenarius.

Apa ntchito yaikulu ya nzeru sanali kumanga dongosolo lonse amakonda a chidziwitso wazotsatira, ndi chilengedwe cha sayansi mu chiphunzitsochi. Mosiyana Comte, anthu a nthawi imeneyi kuti chinali zothetsera sichiri chithunzi logwirizana la dziko lathu, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo ndi zochitika inalamula m'maganizo ofufuza.

dzina "Empiric" amatanthauza Kutsutsa dziko la anakumana anapatsidwa podziwa nkhani mu mawonekedwe a mawu ndi kunena. mzere wa positivism chimakhudzana ndi conservatism, malinga ndi zimene ambiri mfundo za sayansi ndi mankhwala a pangano makonzedwe.

The nzeru za positivism: Wachiwiri

oimira mfundoyi: Carnap, Bertrand, Schlick, Russell.

dzina lina nthawi imeneyi - zomveka positivism. oyambitsa ake analengeza cholinga chake kulimbana ndi worldview akamabadwa. The chiyembekezo kuyambira ndi chidziwitso aona mu mfundo ndi zochitika, kapena "deta maganizo." Chiphunzitso cha "Kudziwa" wakhala m'malo ndi mfundo "sayansi" monga adzadziwire lapansi. Ndi siteji iyi ya chitukuko cha positivism anayambitsa mfundo, amene amaphunzira mawu ovuta, amene angathe kukhala kaya onyenga kapena woona, kapena phindu.

Phunziro la kusanthula neopositivists kukhala tanthauzo la zizindikiro ndi mawu ambiri, ndiye zinenero lomveka, maganizo mavuto, amene anali ofunika yeniyeni ndi sayansi kufunika polenga zipangizo kompyuta.

The nzeru za positivism: postpositivism

oimira mfundoyi: Lakatos, Kuhn, Popper, Feyerbend.

Pansi postpositivism anamvetsa mfundo zambiri zimene anatuluka kuchokera chiphunzitso Comte wa empirio mlandu ndi Wachiwiri. chidwi linaperekedwa oimira gawo ili njira zomveka chidziwitso.

Motero malinga Popper, kuwonjezeka kwa chidziwitso angathe kuzikwaniritsa mu ndondomeko ya zokambirana zomveka monga kudzudzula wa dziko alipo. Iye ankanena kuti asayansi kutulukira zinthu potsatira osati pa mfundo kuti chiphunzitso, kungoganizira mawu limodzi.

Positivism monga azimuth nthanthi yathandiza kwambiri pa njira ya sayansi onse chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe (makamaka theka lachiwiri la m'zaka lomaliza).