Lingaliro la "chisinthiko" nthanthi

History, zamoyo, nzeru ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi nthawi zonse pafupi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ena mwa mfundo angathe kutanthauziridwa mu njira zingapo. Lingaliro la "chisinthiko" akadali olakwika kwambiri malongosoledwe. Asayansi ambiri akuyesetsa kupeza ngati kutanthauzira wabwino wa mawu amenewa.

Boma ambiri zokhudza

Pamene timamva "chisinthiko", ife yomweyo amaoneka Darwin ndi mfundo zake ndi njira. Ndipotu, mawu akuti kale ndipo kusanthula kwa zaka zambiri mu mzere. Nthawi zambiri ntchito nkhani ya chitukuko anthu m'njira yopapatiza ndipo kwathunthu kuyiwala za madera ena waukulu.

Evolution komanso zatchulidwa mobwerezabwereza pamodzi ndi ulimi ndi kunyoza. Lingaliro limodzi ndi kupitiriza yogwira woyamba. Chachiwiri umasonyeza zosiyana. Choncho, lingaliro la "chisinthiko" ali mbali wamba, amene tidzayesetsa kupeza izo.

kumasulira

Monga takambirana kale, mawuwa angathe kutanthauziridwa mu yopapatiza ndipo m'njira zambiri. Kwa nthawi yoyamba icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi amadziwika m'zaka 19. Ngati tikufuna kunena za thupi kapena chitukuko anthu, mu nkhani iyi tanthauzo la mfundo kusanduka ntchito monga amachepetsa mawu. Ngati tikufuna kuti atchule anthu ikuyendera, mu nkhani iyi, zamoyo wakhala anamasulira monzama kwambiri. Koma ngati mawu amagwirizana ndi chitukuko osati wa dziko organic, komanso zochita kupanga, ndiye zidzafotokozedwa chachikulu kwambiri, mu nkhani aumunthu.

Nkofunika kudziwa kuti kutanthauzira mawu sasintha ngati ife Ndikuchepetsa kapena wokulitsa mawuwa. Choncho, tanthauzo la lingaliro lake lili zamoyo wa "chitukuko" mawu. Ndipo kuyambira, kaya ndi chitukuko cha munthu, kapena mbiri ya dziko, koma tanthauzo lake sasintha. Choncho likukhalira kuti zili akhala okhazikika milandu onse pamwamba. Patsalanso kokha kupeza zinthu wamba.

zikhalidwe za kukhalako

Ngati mwapemphedwa: "Ndipatse tanthauzo la kusanduka" zimene ayenera mwachindunji nthawi yomweyo? Choyamba m'pofunika kulankhula za zinthu, popanda imene kulibe. Choyamba ndi masiyanidwe. Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti si kusintha konse ndi kusanduka, koma kusintha kulikonse kwa chirengedwe umasintha. N'zoonekeratu kuti ngati panalibe njira, ndiye dziko akhala akumanidwa kusanduka.

The chikhalidwe zotsatirazi - mbali zimasiyanitsa. Kusintha si nthawi zonse zabwino. Koma pano pa kumasulira kusanduka ndi osiyana mu mu ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa boma changwiro choposa. Kutanthauza chinachake kusintha ndi kukhala zovuta kwambiri wapatali ndi chidwi. Ndipo zilibe kanthu, kusintha Mkhalidwe kapena kachulukidwe.

The chikhalidwe zotsatirazi kwa umodzi wa nkhaniyi. Pankhaniyi, Buku Britannica Eleventh chitsanzo ndi madzi. Ngati kusintha madzi uka, ndipo lagawidwa m'zigawo, zotsatira zake zimakhala bwanji madzi wokha, ndi mpweya ndi wa hydrogen pakhale paokha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chitukuko aliyense pamapeto pake sizinachitike. Pankhaniyi, mfundo "chisinthiko" yosayenera. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati boma latsopano m'malo mwa munthu yapita, ndiko kuti, chitukuko kwachitika.

Chigawo

Pomalizira Izi ayesera kutsatira danga zosiyanasiyana za moyo. Ndipo ngati angathe nawatsimikizira kutanthauziridwa poyerekezera ndi zamoyo, apa mbiri kukayikira. Tikhoza kutsimikizira kukula kwa thupi. Koma ndizo za kukula mwauzimu anayamba nthawi yomweyo mafunso. chitukuko Mental ngati zoonekeratu, ngakhale kuletsedwa, ngakhale kuchepa mtheradi ndi chiwonongeko cha nyengo lonse chikhalidwe.

Komabe, chifukwa chachikulu chifukwa chimene Cholinga chenicheni cha kusanduka anaonekera mu nzeru ndi anasamuka ku dziko wamoyo, wakhala kufunika kwa kuchifotokoza icho wonse. Kumene, palinso zikhoza kukhala kufuna kuthetsa malire onse alipo pakati pa akufa ndi amoyo kanthu ndi mzimu. Zikuoneka amene akadaganiza zikamera wa moyo kuchokera ku zinthu akufa ndi kuti iwowo.

Chifukwa chachiwiri chikukhudza maganizo a choipa. Lingaliro la kusanduka mu nzeru amapanga izi zokhuzana ndi cikhalidwe, kapena ngakhale chodabwitsa munthu padziko lonse.

zinthu zina

Udindo ankaimba ndi Space Art ku geologizmom. Spencer anawatsogolera pansi chiwembu chitukuko ndi malingaliro anapitiriza asayansi oyambirira mmene kusanduka organic china chilichonse.

kafukufuku The amaona akamanena ake mu chikhulupiriro ndi sakanikira kwenikweni ndi chifukwa ndondomeko imeneyi ndi mphamvu iliyonse kungachititse kusintha pang'ono, komanso chowiringula chirichonse amalenga zolakwa angapo. Kumene, ngati chiwembu mosavuta nacho chimodzi cha zinthu umodzi wa kusanduka.

Akukhudza nthanthi

Mwachibadwa, thandizo amphamvu akuti analandira kuchokera Darwin ndi transformism. organic dziko ntchito anali anathana ndi kuyamika omasuka ku malongosoledwe mtundu uliwonse angathe kutanthauziridwa zosiyanasiyana kapena akalumikidzidwa ena angapo ophweka.

Choncho, zinadziwika kuti zinthu n'zogwirizana ndi mbiriyakale. Iwo ali mwangwiro chomwecho onse ndi kulandidwa. Koma ndizo chimodzimodzi zomwe zinachititsa kuti mfundo yakuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha amangonena za kubadwa kwa zochitika ndi chikhalidwe chawo mwa njira iliyonse. Choncho, ayenera kutanthauziridwa ndi nzeru za anthu ndi kuwonjezapo poyamba osiyana aumunthu.

Ubwino ndi kuipa

Lingaliro la kusanduka wakhala kumasulira nzeru ndi mfundo zake za view. Kumene, iwo sakanakhoza acikaphatana na chiphunzitso dualistic, monga izo zinali kutali subjectivism ndi solipsism. Koma zasokoneza wakhala maziko kwambiri kwa nzeru ndi monistic. Izi zingathe kufotokozedwa ndi chakuti pali mitundu iwiri ya monism. Mmodzi - zakuthupi, wachiwiri - n'zosatheka. Woimira mtundu woyamba anali Spencer, wachiwiri kusonyeza Hegel. Onse sanali abwino, koma, mulimonse, omasuka kuthandiza maganizo kusanduka.

chiphunzitso nucleation

Monga tanena kale, tikamva mawu akuti "chisinthiko" yomweyo mumaganiza Darwin. Choncho, mfundo zamoyo zinachita kusintha anabadwa kale Darwin. malingaliro woyamba anali mu Greece - .analankhula kotero transformistskie maganizo. Anaximander ndi Empedocles tsopano ankaona kuti apainiya wa chiphunzitso yokha. Ngakhale malo okwanira kuti ngati ovomerezeka palibe.

Mu Middle Ages zinali zovuta kupeza maziko a chitukuko cha chiphunzitso. Chidwi kuphunzira zamoyo zonse anali negligible. Dongosolo la zaumulungu la boma sanali yabwino kwa kukula kwa chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko. Panthawi imeneyi kuyesetsa kumvetsa funso limeneli, Augustine ndi Erigena.

Mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano, injini chachikulu chinali Giordano Bruno. Wafilosofi anayang'ana pa dziko ndipo tiyeni wosangalatsa kwambiri, koma ine ndinaganiza m'njira yoyenera. Anaonetsa kuti kukhala membala wa dongosolo lapadera lomwe lili monads wa kusinthasintha movutikira. Mwatsoka, view Bruno anali osavomerezeka ndi dziko ndipo analibe mphamvu pa njira ya nzeru.

Chapafupi pomwepo 'anayenda' Bacon ndi Descartes. Woyamba analankhula za transformism, kusintha mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera, koma maganizo ake anali kwathunthu wopanda evolutionism. Descartes, Spinoza anakhalabe maganizo ake pa dziko, monga thunthu.

Development wa kusanduka uwu udzafika pambuyo Kant. Wafilosofi chomwecho komanso ankanena omveka pa chitukuko. Ntchito zake koposa kamodzi ndanenera zamoyo zinachita kusintha, koma nzeru yake zimachitika kwambiri involution lapansi. Koma Kant wachifundo epigenezisu.

Koma chiphunzitso china kupeza mafotokozedwe osiyana ndi kulungamitsidwa zonse. Fichte, Schelling ndi Hegel chinayamba maganizo a Kant. kusanduka awo ankatchedwa nzeru achilengedwe. Hegel ndi onse ankayesera kuti ntchito kwa dziko lauzimu ndi mbiri.

anthu

Posakhalitsa kapena kenako dziko kudziwa zimene zamoyo wa munthu. Lingaliro ili tsopano anafotokoza mawu akuti "anthropogenesis". Chifukwa cha mfundo zake ndi maganizo komwe, chifukwa ndi pamene munthu anaonekera. Waukulu malingaliro atatu: chilengedwe ndi evolutionism cosmism.

Chiphunzitso choyamba ndi ambiri Kale ndi tingachipeze powerenga. Iye ananena kuti anthu - ntchito zolengedwa lachinsinsi (Mulungu). Chisinthiko chiphunzitso bungwe Darwin Ponena za makolo nyani ndi zimenezi kuti munthu makono anatuluka mu njira ya chitukuko. A chiphunzitso wachitatu kwambiri tingaganize ndi wosangalatsa limatiuza kuti anthu zakuthambo makolo kugwirizana mwina anthu zakuthambo, kaya ndi mayesero a nzeru zakuthambo.

chowonadi

Ngati zonse tikukamba za Anthropology sayansi, akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko. Iye ndiye weniweni Komanso zikutsimikiziridwa ndi Zinthu zamakedzana ndi kwachilengedwenso. Panthawi imeneyi, kusanduka ili kwachilengedwenso anatchulapo zingapo magawo chitukuko anthu :

• Australopithecus.
• Homo habilis.
• Homo erectus.
• The wamkulu Homo sapiens.
• Neanderthal.
• Homo sapiens latsopano.

Australopithecus panopa imatengedwa woyamba pafupi ndi njira anthu amakhala. Ngakhale kunja anali ngati nyani kuposa munthu wokhalapo. Home pafupifupi miliyoni 4-1 zaka zapitazo mu dera African.

Homo habilis ali woyamba wa mtundu wathu. Ife dzina choncho chifukwa akhoza kupanga zipangizo loyamba la ntchito ndi nkhondo. Mwina iye amatha kuyankhula. Homo erectus wotanganidwa osati Africa, komanso Europe ndi ku Asia. Kuwonjezera zida, kupanga moto. Palinso n'zotheka kuti akhoza kulankhula. The wamkulu Homo sapiens ndi gawo Transitional. Choncho, nthawi zina zikusowa za magawo a anthropogenesis.

Neanderthal munthu ankaganiza kholo mwachindunji kwa anthu, koma kenako anaganiza kuti iye anali akufa mapeto nthambi ya kusanduka. Amadziwika kuti anali ndithu mtundu anayamba ali chikhalidwe yekha, zojambulajambula, ndipo ngakhale makhalidwe abwino.

Gawo lotsiriza - latsopano Homo sapiens. Iye anabwera kuchokera Cro-Magnon. Iwo amayang'ana chosiyana ndi munthu ano. Ife tikhoza kusiya cholowa chachikulu zakale zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha moyo ndi anthu.

anthu

Akuti lingaliro la "chisinthiko chikhalidwe" Darwin anaonekera kale. Ndi maziko a Spencer. The lingaliro lalikulu ndi anthu onse ayamba njira ku chikhalidwe wosazindikira kenako amapita chitukuko Western. Vuto la maganizo chinali chifukwa chakuti maphunziro ochepa okha a anthu ndi kukhudza chitukuko.

The yabwino ndiponso zogwirizana pofuna kuti tisanthule ziti ndiponso zifukwa kusanduka chikhalidwe a Parsons. Ankachititsa kafukufuku pamlingo chiphunzitso mbiri ya dziko lapansi. Tsopano pali nambala yaikulu amafufuza zamakezana ndi Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe amene amadzipereka chuma chawo kuphunzira zamoyo zinachita kusintha multilinear, sociobiology, kukweza ndi zina zotero D..

dongosolo

Ponena za anthu, kuti anaphonya mbali imeneyi. Zamoyo ndi maganizo a dongosolo kwa nthawi yaitali wafikira pachimake. Iwo anatenga kuposa zaka, pamene mitundu yonse ya ziphunzitso akhala azikondedwa ndi asayansi. Komabe, vuto lalikulu ndi kupanda anthu ambiri kufufuza onse dongosolo lero.

Ngakhale kuti asayansi ambiri ndithu kuyang'ana pa funso limeneli. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti onse mofanana pali gulu lenileni mu "mulu" malo kulibe. Koma apa koma kumvetsa wamba a dongosolo alibe anayambitsa. Pano, monga minda ena ambiri, hafu ya kutanthauzira amamuchititsa pamwamba pa nthanthi, ena kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito.

sayansi

Science nayenso anakhalabe opanda mfundo limodzi terminological. Kwa nthawi yaitali citukuko ca "sayansi" mawu akuti sanathe kupeza yekha. Mwina maonekedwe a buku P. P. Gaydenko "The zamoyo wa mfundo sayansi" n'zosadabwitsa. Mu pepala ili wolemba akusonyeza kuti chitukuko cha mawu amenewa m'ma 17-18, komanso kumvetsetsa njira zake ndi njira cholungamitsa a chidziwitso, ndi kupititsa patsogolo mapangidwe mfundo.

Zikhulupiriro

Lingaliro la kusanduka wakhala kudziwika osati zamoyo. Mawu akuti ankatha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Anapeza kuti zinthu angatanthauze osati kwa zamoyo, nzeru kapena anthu, kusanduka angathe kutanthauziridwa m'njira yopapatiza, kupanga liwu kapena nkhani yeniyeni.

kusanduka amadziwika mu Marxism. Pamodzi ndi zisinthe, mawu ntchito pofotokoza mbali zosiyanasiyana ndi chitukuko. Izi, poyamba, ndi chikoka wina pa nzeru za chiphunzitso cha. Zamoyo mu dongosolo ndi kusintha mu kukhala ndi chikumbumtima. Kungakhale onse kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe kusintha. Ndipo ngati kusanduka - kusintha, ulimi imatengedwa lakuthwa, kadinala, apamwamba kutembenuka.