A. V. Schusev, wamanga: yonena kuzochitikachitika, ntchito, chithunzi ntchito, banja

Academician wa Academy of Sciences wa USSR, kanayi wopambana wa Stalin Prize Aleksey Viktorovich Schusev - wamanga ndi wolenga wamkulu, ndi theoretician kwambiri osati zochepa chidwi wamanga, amene ntchito zake kunyada kwa dziko, adzakhala wopambana kwa nkhani ino. Apa kufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ntchito yake ndi moyo.

Zomangamanga monga ndondomeko ya moyo

Shchusev, wamanga, ngakhale kuti otsiriza maselo Soviet chamoyo, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, monga iwo amati, wazomangamanga wa Mulungu. Nthawi zonse analimbikitsa anzake luso lake lonse, mfundo luso kuti nthawi zonse zafala zomangamanga a kapangidwe boldest, ngati iwo ali pafupi nawo mu mawonekedwe ake onse, ndi moyo salola zosayenera. "Mawonekedwe Achisanu kulibe, ndipo zomangamanga ndi bwino akhoza kutsimikizira izi," - anati Shchusev. Wazomangamanga mmenemo anakhala akuyang'ana, mowirikiza kuyesera latsopano nthawi mpaka zotsatira osakhutira, kupeza okhutira yekha nzeru. Kuyambira Vitruvius, aliyense wamanga anafuna kuti akonze chiphunzitso wake luso, ndi m'ma makumi awiri, iwo anapeza zambiri - kwambiri osiyanasiyana ndipo categorical, ndi nkhani za m'lifupi udindo wawo ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana za zolinga ndi mfundo kufotokoza zifukwa kutsogolera kapena kuchepetsa palokha kamangidwe zilandiridwenso.

Apa pamaziko mfundo zonsezi, analandira mapulani otchuka kwambiri, ndipo anapanga sukulu kulenga ndi. Mosiyana kwambiri wofuna anzake Shchusev (wotchuka wamanga), ndi amene anayambitsa chilichonse chinali kuti konse anafuna, sanatenge patsogolo, sanalenge sukulu zongoganizira. Izi zachitika mwa otsatira ake amene anaphunzira tanthauzo lake lenileni mu mbiri ya onse Russian ndi Soviet zomangamanga, amene anafotokoza za nyumba ndi nyumba analengedwa ndi izo. Ndithudi, iye analankhula ndi anena, chifukwa kumvetsa kwake kwa zomangamanga, kukoma ndi luso chidwi anthu ambiri. Mawu amenewa kuima ndithu pa ndime ndi kafukufuku mumzindawo kuti ambuye ena anamanga maofesi chete kwa zaka zambiri. Tsopano, mwa njira iliyonse anafuna ndi miyala ndi kukumbukira ndi yokha ya chidziwitso wanzeru, amene kamodzi mwangozi waponya Aleksey Schusev, wamanga.

mausoleum

ntchito zake zinapatsira ndi onse kuphweka ndi nzeru, ndi chidziwitso mwamtheradi zonse za mbali luso wangwiro wa zomangamanga lalikulu. Iwo - zinachitikira moyo, kulingalira yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale, ndi ndalama yaikulu maganizo mwangwiro anthu. Izi ndi zomwe zinamuthandiza kuti nthawi zonse lembani mbewu yaikulu lingaliro anthu. Kugwiritsa alipo, ngakhale zooneka ngati rashozhie mawonekedwe, wamanga Schusev A. V. molimba kulenga njira kwathunthu mwakukonda kwanu. Zinali dziko kalembedwe mbiri, powerenga kapena zamakono, kunapezeka si umboni kuwerengetsera zomveka, ndi mgwirizano luso soldered ndi zokongoletsa mphamvu ya zomangamanga ndi chosema, ndiponso kupenta. Zimenezi n'zimene imodzi mwa chidwi kwambiri za ntchito zake - ndi V. I. Lenina Mausoleum ku Moscow pa Red Square, olengedwa mwa 1926-1930, motero. Analowa pyramidal buku, magulu a zipilala amakona anayi, omwe kunyamula mbale pamwamba - zonsezi zomangamanga si chatsopano.

Komabe Mausoleum zamatsenga anapeza mphamvu, apachiyambi, mbali nzeru, wosiyana expressiveness mofanana zonse, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - ndi kulumikizika mtheradi ndi kuikidwa a malo, maphatikizidwe mu gulu loyimba ndi zina zinthu mapulani a m'deralo. Zonsezi ndi kupanga malo ichi chizindikiro chachikulu cha nthawi yake. Onse anaganiza mchimake. Wazomangamanga Schusev AV masamu monga kutalika ndi makulidwe a mbale, ndiye kuwonjezeka, ndiye kudula maliro yopingasa ofukula mawonekedwe, wodzala ndi mphamvu, ndi kutsekedwa chisoni chipinda m'munsi ndi compactness - kuchinga sarcophagus mwadzidzidzi akusuntha mu masitepe ndi nsanja malo, kumene phwando la ufulu , mphepo ndi kuwala. Ndi chifukwa ichi luso anapeza funereal ulemerero wa mausoleum ndi lidzasinthidwa chimwemwe chikondwerero ndi kuwina zitsanzo. Panthawi imeneyi, unachitikira kukonza Kremlin ndi kumanganso nyumba, kotero mausoleum anali anatseka perete lomaliza. Anthu akhala amanyong'onyeka ndipo analemba zambiri za pa Intaneti. Ndithudi, yomanga imeneyi kuliwona lonse wamanga Shchusev, amene ntchito zake zili mwauzimu, kuipidwa maganizo kwambiri.

yonena

October zisinthe Shchusev anakumana, pamene iye anali academician, ndi anazindikira wamanga ndi mchitidwe khumi zapitazi. Mu 1910, iwo analemekeza zotsatira mwapadera zabwino pamene njira kwambiri yoyambirira ya kukonzanso kachisi wa atumwi akhumi mu Ovruch (Volyn). Ndipo iye anabadwa mu 1873, mu Chisinau, mwana wachitatu m'banja losauka la nduna anapuma. Luso kudzatunga anaonekera m'banda, ndi kukoka mnyamata ntchitoyi anali pafupi zosatheka. Kuyambira ndili ndi zaka khumi, iye anayamba kuphunzira ndi L. N. Benua, yomwe imene onse zimaphunzitsidwa mokwanira. Ndi akuthandizeni tsogolo wamanga Shchusev, amene ntchito amalemekezedwa Luso mkulu, anali modabwitsa mwayi.

Malamulo a zapamwamba Russian ndi Heritage National Mwachitsanzo, adaphunzitsa Professor Kotov, amene credo anali kuti ndi zosavomerezeka kwa mwachimbulimbuli kutengera zipilala mbiri, m'pofunika poyera kumvetsa amakono a masiku amakedzana Russian, ndi zoyerekeza-Russian kalembedwe - uve wosaneneka. A kuganiza kwambiri pa Mnyamata wakale chapakati ku Asia zomangamanga, makamaka Samarkand, kumene wokhala wamanga Schusev Aleksey Viktorovich mwatsatanetsatane mosamala miyezo ya zipilala zokongola Bibi Khanum, ndi Gur-Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu. Iwo zatenganso mbali yaikulu pa ntchito yake ina. Mwachitsanzo, Kazansky pasiteshoni ya sitima wamanga Shchusev anazipanga, potengera chitsanzo chawo Asian.

Ntchito yoyamba

Shchusev Academy ndipo anamaliza 1897 adalandira ntchito dipuloma ndi zigoli apamwamba ndi golide chachikulu Mendulo ndi ulendo malonda kunja. Icho chinali "Manor" omwe analola kuti iye amathera zaka ziwiri mu kuphunzira mamangidwe a Vienna, Trieste, Venice ndi midzi ina ya Belgium, Italy, Tunisia, France ndi England. Kulikonse kumene iye anachita zinthu zambiri zina zachidule, amene lipoti chionetserocho anali wasenza. I. E. Repin ankadziwana ndi ntchito zimenezi, anasangalala kwambiri. Atabwerera kunyumba, ndipo pambuyo ku kuzipeleka kwa lipoti Alexey Shchusev, wamanga koma wopanda zambiri, ndinali kamodzi dongosolo chidwi. Icho chinali iconostasis mu Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Mfundo Cathedral chomwe kunali kofunika kupanga kuchokera zikande. Aluso Shchusev athane ndi ntchito, ndipo izo zinkawoneka kuti ntchito yake tsopano mpaka kalekale kugwirizana ndi malo olambirira.

Mu June 1904 Sinodi anamulangiza ntchito kwambiri udindo ndi kovuta, anam'tumiza Ovruch, kumene lonse yozizira analengera kachisi pa bwinja la chipilala cha m'ma akhumi. Zotsatira zake zinali zokongola zisanu ozungulira mpingo kwathunthu miyambo Russian chakale, koma zinthu onse akhala m'gulu nkhani ya kotero organically kuti mpingo ankaoneka wonse. ntchito nthawi yomweyo anazindikira kuti imodzi mwa zochitika wokongola kwambiri wa zomangamanga ano. Press anayamba kulankhula za zimene Shchusev anamanga latsopano Wachiwiri-Russian kalembedwe. Iye anabwera kutchuka, koma wamanga Shchusev, amene yonena mwadzaza kwa Mlomo, kufikira imfa yake kucitila modekha ndi mbiri chabe osati zindikirani.

"Martha"

Mu 1907, Shchusev udaikidwa Marfo-Mariinsky Akatolika (dera), onse a nyumba yake. Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna anagulitsa zodzikongoletsera kuti kusonyeza chikondi bungwe, amene sanali ena obisika, koma avirigo, Alongo Chifundo ndi malonjezo, mofanana ndi kumene kumakhala Amonke lapansi. Komabe, patapita zaka iwo akhoza kutuluka kumeneko popanda nkhondo ndi mpingo, ndi kuyamba banja ndi moyo anthu wamba.

Kodi ouziridwa pamene angagwiritse ndi zachilendo mwachikondi Moscow wake "Martha", kale wotchuka wamanga Shchusev? Veliky Novgorod kudzoza ake, Pskov zipilala - kuti thambo lalikulu ili la mpanda mogwirizana ndi mabuku ofanana. Ndi noticeable kwambiri ngati mukuziyenereza. The chachikulu cha nyumba ya agulupa kuyang'ana momasuka ndi homely. dongosolo la kachisi ndi ofanana ndi chachikulu wrench akale watsata kumadzulo ndevu ndi makutu, pamakhala onse atatu tikuyang'ana kummawa. Chifukwa awa apse semicircular amalenga kumverera kwa chitonthozo, chifukwa chochuluka kubisala kwa maso, ndi mkulu ng'oma, aposa ndi malo zisonga za mzikiti ndi yomalizira zikuchokera.

Chişinău

Pa Kerch Street (poyamba - Char Valley) wakwawo kwa woyamba awiri-storey nyumba ya wamanga Shchusev inamangidwa - kupereka Mihaila Karchevskogo, mnzakeyo wake, ndiye - Dragoeva nyumba pa mphambano ya Pushkin ndi Forge (tsopano Bernardazzi). Ndipo mu 1912 linamangidwa mpingo m'mudzi wa Kuchureshty. Zonse cholinga ndipo anamanga wamanga Shchusev, Orthodoxy kwenikweni nkhawa - Pamlingo wamkulu kapena wamng'ono, ndi ichi ntchito osati pa malo opempherera. Patapita Shchusev anatumizidwa ku chiwembu ambiri kukhazikitsanso dilapidated Chisinau pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Mu unyamata wake oyambirira, pambuyo podziteteza wanzeru wa ntchito wake dipuloma, ndinakhala miyezi ingapo pano Shchusev - wamanga, amene banja anapitiriza moyo ubwenzi mzinda uno. Miyezi ingapo chimwemwe: iye osati cholinga m'nyumba mnzakeyo, komanso anakwatira mlongo wake - Mary Vikentievna Karchevsky.

Pamenepo, Valley wa Char mu Chisinau mzinda, anayamba moyo wa wamanga Shchusev, amene anali bwinobwino kutetezedwa ku kuwafunsa mafunso ochititsa manyazi zaka wonse wa moyo wake. Inde, ndipo tsopano kupeza deta mu mbiri yake, osati zokhudzana zomangamanga, kovuta. Chipilala Lenin ntchito yake anawachotsa mu 1991. Iye analinganiza ndi mlatho watsopano pa mtsinje Bic, pamene iye anali olemera kwambiri, ndipo mwachangu Kuweluza wamanga anzake mu chitukuko cha ntchito ya kukhazikitsanso nyumba anawononga wa Anatipatsa - kusiteshoni, masitolo, presences ndi nyumba zina. Chişinău amalemekeza kukumbukira wotchuka countryman wake: msewu dzina lake, mu nyumba imene iye anabadwa ndipo ndinakulira kowonera zakale ndi katundu wake, zikalata, zithunzi.

Fashion pa Shchusev

Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo polenga Ovruch ndi ulemerero wa agulupa ya ntchito Marfino anathamangira wamanga pa zidendene. Olemera kusaka kwa iye chiyembekezo kumanga china m'dziko lawo, koma mu kwamakono schusevskogo kalembedwe. Koma panapita ntchito zina zosangalatsa. Mu 1913, iye anali wokonzeka kumangidwa zojambula Shchusev Pavilion Art Exhibition ku Venice, zikuchokera amene anamasulira zomangamanga dziko kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. Ndipo osakaniza ndi okongola Italy malo wowoneka bwino. Ndiye San Remo ndi katswiri wa zomangamanga anamanga mpingo Orthodox, chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli mwala, matailosi, ndi belu nsanja denga hipped. Khristu Mpulumutsi Cathedral ku San Remo, kwathunthu chokongoletsedwa mu kalembedwe Russian mpingo kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri.

Koma Kazan siteshoni chidwi iye nthawi yomweyo. Komabe, zonse anagonjera mpikisanowo ankasiyana pafupifupi wopereŵera ndipo sanali ouziridwa, ndi ena otchuka ndi ozindikira mapulani, osati yapamwamba Shchusev, wamanga amene ziwembu anali wapachiyambi, luso, koma mpaka ochepa. Komabe, asankhidwa kale sewero la tsogolo la siteshoni Kazan, chifukwa bolodi ndi chidaliro kuti adzatha chidwi cha kum'mawa chipata cha Moscow osati kale ankakonda Samarkand Shchusev. The Board sanalakwe.

Kazan Railway Station

Moscow Gates ku East - mmodzi wa ambiri mwaukadaulo anatsekula njira wamanga wa ntchito yovuta. Ngakhale mulingo woyenera mtundu chiwembu anapezeka. Ndipo njira wanzeru chifukwa umphumphu wa gulu loyimba zoona zake mwangwiro Hrs! Mu October 1911 Shchusev anali ovomerezeka ngati wamanga akulu a nyumba iyi, imene kuvala ndalama lowoneka - miliyoni rubles golide achifumu. Tsatanetsatane wa polojekiti anali kuphunzira ndi woyambitsa wa zaka zoposa awiri - naye sizinachitikebe. Kufunafuna anali chowawa - ichi "dzenje" kuti lembani dera lililonse Kalanchovskoy mpaka Shchusev si chidwi ndi lingaliro lalikulu: nyumba yaitali anayikidwa pa mfundo yomaliza.

Ndiyeno zinachitika umodzi wa gulu loyimba nyumba zambiri, zosavuta kuwerenga pa Mwachidule. Nsanja anatumikira ngati munthu weniweni lalikulu kusonkhanitsa mazana awiri maofesi mamita zonse pansi phiko lake. Bwino ntchito iyi ofanana-khama kulenga izo. Magazini "wazomangamanga", kuziyika izo pa tsamba, ine ndinali Nditatsegula. Zabwino zonse anatsanulira mvula. Ndipo ndithu, ngati kutalika yaikulu siteshoni sanaletse maganizo kwathunthu dongosolo lonse, chifukwa mwapadera wosweka chosokonekera, ndi yekhayekha chilumba nsanja kumatsegula ma onse latsopano kulikonse m'deralo. Pakadali pano, amisiri sizinayende ulele kusintha kuwala ndi mthunzi pamene dzuwa si, komanso kuti enliven mwala mtambo dongosolo.

Zosiyanasiyana ufulu stylistic

Ku Kazan Station Shchusev anachita sagwirizana nazo mwamtheradi, kunapezeka, kumanga mzinda, koma si monga mwachizolowezi - pang'ono Polemeretsedwa nyumba yachifumu mafakitale kapena pang'ono m'Chingelezi chosavuta. Ntchito ya siteshoni malo ndi sakanikira kwambiri, ndipo anakankhira chakuti analenga wanzeru Shchusev, wamanga. Ntchito, zithunzi zimene pano wochuluka, ndi chimodzimodzi waukulu, chikhulupiriro, free wamasiku kutanthauzira (osachepera lalikulu, ngakhale m'njira zing'onozing'ono) amasonyeza momwe wamanga Shchusev osati m'zigawozigawo, koma mu pothana onse zonse ndi zoona kwa iwoeni, maganizo awo. Omangawo chipatala chaching'ono mu Matsesta, ndi Moskvoretsky Bridge, ndi Utumiki wa Agriculture, ndi Opera Bwalo la Tashkent, ndi siteshoni "Komsomolskaya" - mphete ya Moscow okwerera sitima. Monga resourcefully ndipo nthawi yomweyo mosamalitsa ovomerezeka anamanga zovuta za nyumba ya Academy of Sciences wa USSR - lililonse Russian gulu loyimba kuti Chili nyumba zosiyanasiyana zoimbira. Shchusev anachititsanso timu ya mapulani amene reschedule Moscow.

Ndi iwo, ndipo Shchusev makamaka, azibweretsa kuyamikira madalaivala awo kusuntha pang'onopang'ono mu magalimoto. Chifukwa ngati iwo satero, gululi sizikanakhala zotheka ngati zimenezi. mzinda dongosolo wakhazikitsidwa, ndi malo zoyendera pafupifupi Sunali kuperekedwa kwina kulikonse, makamaka wambiri masiku ano. Mapulani kuti kwambiri kukodzedwa mizere onse, chinandikhudza Leningradsky Prospekt, maulendo womangidwa zozungulira mphete mizere za mayendedwe njanji. Tikumbukenso, anatenga malo yomweyo pambuyo utasintha ndi Civil nkhondo - mu 1919. Commission utenga kusodza kunyozedwa mapulani osayenera njira yotakata ndi misewu, koma Shchusev anakwanitsa kutsimikizira mamembala a boma.

Komanso

Mu 1922, monga mmisiri wamkulu Shchusev anatumizidwa ku Center Exhibition wotsegulira mu August 1923. Ndiye izo inamangidwa pa dera la Gorky Park. Shchusev anamangidwanso akumanga makina chomera pansi pa Pavilion wa mafakitale kanyumba, ndipo anatsogolera lonse la zomangamanga, ndipo mazana asanu nyumba. Mu 1924, kale wamanga atongi wa dziko chinkhoswe mu chilengedwe cha polojekiti ya Lenin Mausoleum. Mu theka lachiwiri la makumi mu angapo mapepala Shchusev kulinganizidwa ndi kumangidwa mu kalembedwe Constructivism: wa Tbilisi nthambi ya anayambitsa m'Komiti ya Central, ndi Bank State pa Neglinnaya ndi Okhotny Ryad, Lenin Library, chipatala chaching'ono mu Matsesta, ndi zambiri.

Nkhani wapadera - sadatsatire nyumba pa Tverskaya chapakati Telegraph Office, kumene pobwezera Mlandu chotero chilakolako champhamvu cha constructivism ndi Shchusev anatsimikizira kuti constructivism ali ndi ufulu kukhala ndi moyo, ngati inu lembani ndi wauzimu ndi mphamvu zake makamaka ndi mungoli yekha kuthandiza kulimbikitsa maziko a chikhalidwe chauzimu, chomwe zazikidwa zomangamanga monga chonchi. Mu amati ndi nyumba wanthambo ndi bwino kunachokera osati kugwirizana nyengo, koma ena - dongosolo lonse kulankhulana, lomwe, mfundo, chinali cholinga - kulumikiza kumayiko m'maiko. Miyalayo ofukula lamba galasi. Malo ambiri. Monumentality. Wokongola, mesmerizing. Ngakhale kuti ntchito yomanga ndi chimodzimodzi mapulogalamu, chuma, rationally. Zinali nzeru kwambiri kwa nthawi. Amene kungakhale kosavuta kumanga, zikanakhala bwino.

Ndine wokondwa osachepera kuti hotelo zodabwitsa "Moscow" inamangidwa, Union ofesi ya kazembe ku Romania ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha zinthu zina. Komanso, Alexey Shchusev anatsogolera ntchito yogwira chiphunzitso pafupifupi mapeto a moyo - mu 1949, analemba mapepala oposa mazana awiri sayansi.