Chakale luso chifukwa wotchedwa, kuti phindu lililonse mankhwala m'gulu maziko ake, anayesedwa ndi nthawi. Shakespeare, da Vinci kupenta, music, Schnittke, Rodin - mndandanda kungakhale yaitali, chifukwa mndandanda cha zipambano za anthu, analenga asanabwere ake ndi chitukuko zili yaitali ndipo zimalimbikitsa. Nthumwi za chikhalidwe Russian ayenera kunyadira countryman awo aakulu, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, ndi imodzi mwa malo oyamba a ulemu pakati pa olemba anazindikira lonse ndi Russian mabuku.
Mlengi wa buku Russian
Inde, ndendende. Inde, Turgenev mabuku Russian anali ambiri novelists luso. "Encyclopedia moyo Russian" mu vesi lomwe linalembedwa ndi Pushkin, chithunzi maganizo a mbadwo wonse, analengedwa ndi Lermontov mu "Hero ..." ndi zina zambiri zodabwitsa chakudya ku maganizo ndi mitima ya anthu Russian, wophunzira, anayamba, anafotokoza, anathandiza mawonekedwe mwauzimu anthu okhwima dziko lawo lawo. Koma anali Turgenev anapanga Russian ina dziko lalikulu la mabuku, anayambitsa owerenga zakunja ndi m'maganizo a chikhalidwe, mbiri yathu moyo. Kufupika, modabwitsa expressiveness chinenero, maganizo a chiwembu, kuonetsera zofunika kwambiri za ndale komanso pa anthu, kulimbana maganizo, khalidwe zenizeni Russian, kwambiri maganizo nzeru ndi luso chodabwitsa ndi wojambula woona - izi ndi zinthu zimasiyanitsa Turgenev ndi novelist ndi zolengedwa zabwino. Ndiyamika Ivan Sergeyevich anthu ena ndi otsutsa anaphunzira za zodabwitsazi chodabwitsa - ". Russian buku" "Russian Literature" Zofunika kwambiri ndiponso kukonda mwana wawo wolemba anali "abambo ndi ana." Tanthauzo la ntchito potengera osati polysyllabic banja, chikhalidwe, boma ndipo ambiri ndi anthu, komanso maganizo a Turgenev pa nkhani zimenezi.
Chifukwa abambo ndi ana
malo wolemba mu buku si chinaneneratu mwachindunji. Koma ndi mwachilungamo zovuta kudziwa ngati muyang'ana pafupi mankhwala zikuchokera, kupenda chinenero otchulidwa, dongosolo la images, kuzindikira udindo wa zinthu payekha, monga malo, mu buku la. Izi, poyamba ndi chidwi kwambiri, "abambo ndi ana." Kutanthauza ntchito ayikidwako mu mutu, ndi zazikulu luso njira ya otsutsa kapena otsutsana, agona mu buku lonse.
Choncho abambo ndi chiyani ana? Chifukwa banja - ndi kagawo ka anthu lonse, ndipo mmenemo, monga mwa kalilore, anasonyeza zovuta, mikangano zina zochititsa chidwi zimene kugwedeza ndi thupi chikumbumtima anthu. Pa nthawi ya mimba ndi kubereka buku la moyo buku, malinga ndi wotsutsa Belinsky, "zotayana mu kuya ndipo m'lifupi" mu mitundu yambiri ya zanyengo. Izi zosiyanasiyana ndi kulola ife kuona ndi kumvetsa "abambo ndi ana." Meaning ntchito ikutchulidwa mu mkangano mibadwo, pankhani za ndale, chipembedzo, sayansi, luso, chikhalidwe kuti dziko ndi dongosolo la dziko. No zochepa bwino kuti kalasi nkhondo, kukula ndi maziko a lolimba kukumana kwa mphamvu chikhalidwe ndi mavuto. Owerenga tcheru, kupita ku mutu kuti chapter, bwino kwambiri mutu zophiphiritsira chabe la "Atate ndi Ana." Kutanthauza ntchito si kusonyeza kupitiriza kwa mibadwo disengagement (general anthu Mbali), komanso kuwulula atasemphana maganizo okhazikika ndi malingaliro ndi watsopano, akubwera m'malo akale.
ndinaganiza banja
Tiyeni tisanthule woyamba "ndimaganiza banja" mu buku la. Tikumbukenso kuti mutu wa banja ndi khalidwe la Turgenev. Pa moyo wake wamkulu wolembayo anali ndi moyo "m'mphepete mwa chisa wina," ndipo anali naye ndithu ubwenzi zovuta ndi mayi ake. Chifukwa mwina wokondedwa Ivan Sergeyevich chikondi cha kunyumba, chiyanjano cha ubale pakati pa mibadwo achinyamata ndi akuluakulu. Tinachita "abambo ndi ana" ananenetsa mfundo amuyaya, popanda zomwe zoona, simungathe chitsogolo patsogolo. Iwo anasonyeza kuti zimenezi ndi chitsanzo Kirsanovs banja. Arkady, nthumwi ya achinyamata ndi zabwino, ngakhale, ndipo zimakhudza Bazarov, komabe n'zogwirizana ndi okondedwa awo. Ngakhale atangofika m'mphepete otchie iye anafuula kuti pano ndi mpweya chokoma ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri kwambiri kuposa ku likulu. Kupanga ulendo zinthu zakale za ngwazi wake, Turgenev ananena kuti Kirsanov bambo mosalekeza ankayesera kuti kuyandikira kwa mwana wake, kugawana zofuna zake, kutsatira zimene amakhala Arkady yodziwa mabwanawe wake, pofuna kumvetsa mbadwo watsopano umene umabwera mmalo mwa anzake. Tinachita "abambo ndi ana", monga tanenera kale, buku ndi otsutsana. Koma pamene Bazarov, ndipo ndi mdani olimbikira zakale zonse, "makolo" kuphatikizapo, ngakhale iye kunja mwano ndi atate wake ndi amake poyera akuseka ndi amawanyoza "akale Kirsanovs" mmene zimakhalira si mlendo kwa iye. Choncho, miyambo banja ndi chuma chopatulika cha Turgenev. Zoitanira anthu ku nyengo yatsopano, wolemba amakhulupirira kuti munthu sangamvetse kukwaniritsa nyengo mtanda zapitazi, kuphatikizapo kupitiriza kwa mibadwo.
Zakale ndi zatsopano
Tanthauzo la buku la "Atate ndi Ana" ndi amene timapangira limodzi ndi chozama kupitirira tanena funso. Inde mbadwo wachinyamata, ndi maximalism ake chibadidwe zambiri amadziona wanzeru koposa, zambiri mwapang'onopang'ono, luso, zambiri amatha kuchita chidwi ndi zothandiza dziko kuposa anthu amene zaka ikuyandikira pafupi. Kalanga ine, koma ndi zazikulu ndi. Ndipo Nikolai Petrovich ndi Petr Petrovich Kirsanov, anthu ophunzira ndi masiku odzikuza, koma kwakukulukulu kumbuyo zouluka m'ma patsogolo kwambiri. Latsopano la sayansi malingaliro panachitika sayansi, maganizo andale zimawavuta kumvetsa ndi zovuta kuvomereza mu moyo wawo. Koma kodi zimenezo zikutanthauza kuti m'mbuyomu sayenera zotsalira kuwononga, kuiwala kupereka izo, "padzakhala", monga zowonetseredwa ndi Bazarov? Nanga kumanga malo atsopano mu zingalowe ndi? Nihilist Eugene akhoza kujambula chithunzi mwatsatanetsatane - zikuoneka, iye sadziwa, sichoncho yokha. Ndipo tanthauzo la buku "abambo ndi ana" mwa wolemba moyenerera anawona osati kutsutsa kwa ugliness zenizeni Russian, dongosolo yoola maubwenzi, ndi ubwenzi zambiri anthu, komanso kutsimikizira kuti simungathe kwathunthu kusiya m'mbuyomu. chitukuko anthu anatsatira wina ndi mzake, ndipo aliyense anali potengera zomwe m'mbuyomu.
Maganizo ndi zokongoletsa mfundo buku la
Kodi wina buku "abambo ndi ana"? The mankhwala a Turgenev olembedwa mu masiteji 3. Masiku oyamba ku zaka 1860-1861, pamene analenga lemba chachikulu, chiwembu unapangidwa ndi zooneka dongosolo. The chachiwiri amatanthauza kugwa kwa 1861 - chiyambi cha dzinja 1862 ndi. Panthawi imeneyi wolemba mwachangu recycles malemba, kupanga chiwembu ndi kusinthidwa gulu, chimafikira osiyanasiyana akuunika mavuto malinga ndi kusintha kwa ndale mu dziko. Ndipo potsiriza, mu nthawi kuchokera February kwa September 1862 ndi kusintha komaliza kwa Baibulo loyambirira la "Russian Journal" ntchito "abambo ndi ana." Mavuto a buku la - chithunzi choonekera bwino za kayendedwe ka kutukula wamba, ma Democrat chosintha; kusonyeza latsopano, lembani basi nascent womenyera ufulu chitukuko, nihilist, zifunsidwa maziko onse a boma Russian. 238 masamba a chabwino kusindikiza cholembedwa Turgenev wapita mu mbiri ya moyo wa woukira Bazarov, kutsutsidwa amoral nihilism, mkangano osafuna kusintha, olekerera ndi chosintha okonda progressives, Kuwulura nzeru zaumunthu, wauzimu, chipembedzo, mfundo ndi zokongoletsa, mikangano abwino.
Kuti wolemba ankafuna kunena ndi zimene iye ananena?
Kuti timvetse tanthauzo la buku "abambo ndi ana" N'zosatheka kuwulula chifanizo cha khalidwe waukulu - ndi nihilist Evgeniya Bazarova. Mlembi ananena kuti anaona chithunzi cha amphamvu, amwano, chilombo ndipo ankakwiya kwambiri, moona, kubwera kuchokera kwa anthu, koma silingayende bwino, chifukwa nthawi sinafike Bazarovs. Iye anavomereza kuti amadziwa, amakonda kapena amadana m'chithunzithunzi chomwechi analenga. Ndipotu, wolemba anafuna kutsutsa makamaka otchuka monga kamodzi wabwino, koma tsopano imene yatsala, ndiwofatsa kalasi, inhibiting chitukuko chuma ndi ndale za dziko. Koma Bazarov chinaonekera, ndipo ndi za khalidwe anayamba kutsutsa zoweta mlanduwo. Ena anaganiza waukulu khalidwe mwankhanza caricature, lampoon pa achinyamata. Ena anatola Turgenev mawu "nihilist", anayamba kuitana iwo mitundu yonse ya zinthu mopitirira muyeso, kusamvana pa zandale opangidwa ndi ophunzira. Ndipo dzina Bazarov chikukwaniritsidwa n'chimodzimodzi ndi limodzi mwa mayina a mdierekezi - Asmodeus. Chachitatu, kutola mfundo kunachitika anamangidwa Yevgeny Vasilyevich ku Mulingo wa mtsogoleri wawo wauzimu. Turgenev sanali kugawana maganizo a wina aliyense, kapena wachiwiri, kapena wachitatu. Ichi chinali chimodzi mwa zifukwa za kugawanika maganizo pakati pa wolemba ndi mamembala a "Contemporary".
moyo wogonjetsa mfundo
Inde, Ivan Sergeyevich, ndi chisoni zonse moona mtima anthu otchuka ndi chifundo Bazarov, ndi ena mlandu, ndipo ena. Mu buku, iye anasonyeza kuti moyo zovuta zambiri zosiyanasiyana wa malingaliro onse, nkhani zandale, ndipo sungazimitsidwe kulowa bedi Procrustean. Nature, chikondi moona mtima, limatha kudzichiritsa ndi mphamvu munthu wina wa luso, wakutemwa zidzakhalapo aliyense "mokhudza, ochimwa, wopanduka." Ndipo lero tsogolo la ngwazi ntchito chidwi kwambiri kwa ife, chimayambitsa mikangano, akulimbikitsidwa kutchereza mtima ngati nkotheka ndi kuphunzitsa aliyense akhale munthu. Ndipo ichi ndi chinthu chachikulu cha zapamwamba lalikulu.