Mabuku achigiriki (Russian). Mabuku a ku Russia olembedwa: mndandanda wa ntchito zabwino kwambiri

Mabuku achigiriki (Russian) ndilo lingaliro lalikulu, ndipo aliyense amaika tanthauzo lake. Ngati muwafunsa owerenga zomwe amachititsa, ndiye kuti mayankhowo akhale osiyana. Kwa wina ndiye maziko a ndalama zopezera laibulale, wina anganene kuti ntchito za zolemba za ku Russia zakuda ndi zitsanzo zina zomwe zili ndi luso lapamwamba. Kwa ana a sukulu izi ndi zonse zomwe amaphunzira kusukulu. Ndipo iwo adzakhala mwamtheradi molondola mwa njira yawoyawo. Nanga mabuku ofanana ndi ati? Mabuku a Russian, lero ife tidzangoyankhula za izo. Zokhudza zamakono zachilendo, tidzakambirana m'nkhani ina.

Periodization ya mbiri ya mabuku a Russian

Pali nyengo yodziwika bwino yovomerezeka ndi chitukuko cha mabuku a Russian. Mbiri yake imagawidwa mu nthawi zotsatirazi:

1. Nthawi yoperekera nthawi. Panthawi imeneyi, mpaka zaka khumi ndi chimodzi, panalibe malemba olembedwa, ndipo ntchitozo zinafalitsidwa pamlomo.
2. Kuchokera m'zaka za zana la 11 kufika ku XIV panali mabuku akale a Chirasha. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chikristu ku Russia kunakhudza kwambiri chitukuko chake. Palimasulira mabuku achi Greek, mitundu yatsopano ikukula: miyoyo ya oyera, mbiri, kuyenda, uthenga.
3. Nthawi yotsatira ndi mabuku apakatikati. Zakhalapo kuyambira zaka za XV mpaka XVII.
4. XVIII - nyengo ya kuunika kwa Russia. Nthawi ino ikugwirizana ndi olemba omwe adayika maziko a mabuku achi Russia. Izi zikuphatikizapo: Karamzin, Fonvizin, Lomonosov, Zhukovsky, Sumarokov, Radishchev, Krylov.
5. Zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi ndi nthawi imene olemba ndi olemba ndakatulo anakhala ndi kugwira ntchito, omwe masiku ano amatchedwa zolemba zamakono. "Golden Age" - dzina limeneli laperekedwa nthawiyi. Mabuku abwino kwambiri a ku Russia adalengedwa pomwepo.
6. XX century imatchedwa ndi kufanana ndi zaka zapitazo "Silver Age", chifukwa kwazing'ono ndithu chinali kupitiriza kwake kokwanira.

Ntchito zotani zimatchedwa classic?

Owerenga ambiri amatsimikiza kuti mabuku achikale (Russian) ndi Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy - ndiko, ntchito za olemba omwe anakhala m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Izi si zoona konse. Ntchito yamakalata yachikale ingakhale yachiwiri mpaka zaka za m'ma 1900. Ndi ziganizo ndi mfundo ziti zomwe zimatsimikizira ngati buku ndilo lopatulika kapena lolemba? Choyamba, ntchito yachikale iyenera kukhala ndi luso lapamwamba, kukhala chitsanzo kwa ena. Chachiwiri, chiyenera kukhala chizindikiritso chonse, chiyenera kukhala mbali ya chikhalidwe cha dziko lapansi.

Ndipo mukuyenera kusiyanitsa pakati pa ziganizo za zolemba zamakono komanso zofala. Zachikhalidwe - izi ndi zomwe zimayesedwa ndi nthawi, ndipo ntchito yotchuka imatha kuiwala msanga. Ngati kufunika kwake kudzapitirira kwa zaka zoposa khumi, mwinamwake kumapeto kwake kudzakhala kochepa.

Chiyambi cha Zakale Zakale za ku Russia

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, olamulira a ku Russia okhawo anakhazikitsidwa m'misasa iwiri yotsutsana: oyang'anira ndi okonzanso. Kugawanitsa koteroko kunachokera ku malingaliro osiyana ndi kusintha komwe kunalikuchitika mmoyo: kusintha kwa Petrovsky, kumvetsetsa kwa ntchito za Chidziwitso, funso lowawa la anthu, malingaliro a mphamvu. Kulimbana kotereku kunadzetsa kuwonjezeka kwa uzimu, kudzidziwitsa, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti anthu a ku Russia ayambe kutero. Tikhoza kunena kuti adalimbikitsidwa mkati mwa zochitika zodabwitsa m'dzikoli.

Mabuku ofotokozera (Russian), obadwa m'zaka zovuta ndi zotsutsana ndi zaka za XVIII, anakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Makhalidwe ake akuluakulu: mtundu wa dziko, kukula, kudzizindikira.

Mabuku a Chirasha a m'zaka za zana la 19

Chofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa chikhalidwe cha nthawi imeneyo chinasewera ndi kukula kwa chidziwitso cha dziko. Masukulu ochulukirapo amayamba, bukuli likukula kwambiri, olemba amamvetsera kwambiri chinenero chawo. Kuuka kwa a Decembrists kunapangitsa kuti dzikoli likhale lolingalira kwambiri.

Mphamvu ya Karamzin pa ntchito yopanga mabuku a zaka za m'ma 1900

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, wolemba mbiri wamkulu wa ku Russia, wolemba nkhani komanso wolemba nkhani, anali wochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'Chisipanishi cha m'ma 1900 ndi 1900. Mbiri yake ya mbiri yakale ndi mbiri ya "History of the Russian State" inakhudza kwambiri ntchito ya olemba ndi olemba ndakatulo: Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Griboyedov. Iye ndi mmodzi wa okonzanso kwambiri a Chirasha. Karamzin anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero chachikulu cha mawu atsopano, omwe sitingaganizire malankhulidwe a lero.

Mabuku a ku Russia olembedwa: mndandanda wa ntchito zabwino kwambiri

Kusankha ndi kulemba mndandanda wa ntchito zabwino zolembedwa ndi ntchito yovuta, monga wowerengera aliyense ali ndi zofuna zake ndi zokonda zake. Buku lopatulika lomwe lidzakhala luso lapadera, lidzawoneka losangalatsa komanso losakondweretsa wina. Kodi mungapange bwanji mndandanda wa mabuku achi Russia, omwe angakwaniritse owerenga ambiri? Njira imodzi ndiyo kufufuza. Pazifukwa zawo, mungathe kuganiza kuti owerenga okha amalingalira zabwino zomwe akufuna. Njira zoterezi zosonkhanitsira mauthenga amachitidwa nthawi zonse, ngakhale kuti deta imasiyana mosiyana ndi nthawi.

Mndandanda wa zozizwitsa zabwino za akatswiri achi Russia, malinga ndi makope olemba mabuku ndi ma intaneti, amawoneka ngati awa:

1. Mikhail Bulgakov ndi buku lachinsinsi lakuti "Master and Margarita".
2. Leo Tolstoy ndi ntchito yamasewero "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere".
3. Fedor Dostoevsky ali ndi mabuku atatu: Uphungu ndi Chilango, Abale Karamazov ndi The Idiot. Woganiza kwambiri wa ku Russia anafotokoza moyenera komanso mwankhanza za mdima kwambiri za umunthu. Nthaŵi ina Friedrich Nietzsche ananena kuti Dostoevsky ndiye katswiri wa zamaganizo yekha amene angathe kuphunzira chilichonse.
4. Nikolai Gogol - "Akufa". Mmodzi mwa olemba achirendo kwambiri a ku Russia anatha kupanga zithunzi zosaoneka bwino, zowoneka bwino za anthu ake. Nkhani yakuti "Viy" ndi zolemba za wolemba "Zolemba pa Farm pafupi ndi Dikanka" zimakondedwa kwambiri ndi owerenga.
5. Alexander Pushkin ndi buku la "Eugene Onegin". Malinga ndi kafukufukuwo, Pushkin ndi wolemba kwambiri wophunzira wa sukulu, ndipo Onegin ndiye msilikali wodziwika kwambiri.
6. Anton Chekhov ndi nkhani zake.
7. Mikhail Lermontov - "The Hero of Our Time".
8. Ilya Ilf ndi Yevgeny Petrov ndizofunikira zaka za m'ma 1900, anthu omwe ali ndi chisangalalo chachikulu. Mbiri yawo "Mipando khumi ndi iwiri" yayamba kukhala buku lokonda kwambiri la owerenga ambiri.
9. Ivan Turgenev ndi ntchito yake "Abambo ndi Ana."
10. Aleksandro Griboyedov ndi comedy "Tsoka ku Wit". Atalemba ntchito imodzi yokha pa moyo wake wonse, koma adalengedwa pamlingo waukulu kwambiri, iye anakhala pakati pa anthu olemba mabuku a ku Russia abwino kwambiri.

Palibe vuto muyenera kulingalira izi. M'zigawo zina ndi kafukufuku simungathe kuima Bulgakov, ndi Leo Tolstoy kapena Aleksandro Pushkin, ndipo mmodzi mwa olemba omwe adatchulidwa sangakhalepo konse. Ziyeso - chinthu chopambana kwambiri. Ndi bwino kupanga mndandanda wa zokonda zanu zomwe mumakonda ndikuziganizira.

Kufunika kwa Zakale Zakale za ku Russia

Anthu opanga zachikatolika a ku Russia akhala ndi udindo waukulu pagulu. Iwo sankachita zinthu mofanana, iwo sanali kupereka mayankho okonzeka mu ntchito zawo. Olemba anaika patsogolo ntchito yovuta ntchito yowerenga ndikumupangitsa kuganizira za chisankho chake. Anayambitsa mavuto akuluakulu a anthu m'magulu awo, omwe adakali ofunika kwambiri kwa ife lero. Choncho, akatswiri a ku Russia akhalabe othandiza masiku ano.