Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe - izo ... Science Anthropology. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe lodziwika

Anthropology - zosangalatsa sayansi kuti amalola munthu kuyang'ana zapitazi awo ndi magawo pano kwa zinthu, komanso kuphunzira za mbiri ya anthu osiyanasiyana ndi mafuko. Ndicho chifukwa akatswiri zambiri kukhala bwino kudziwika, koma ali woyenera kwambiri chidwi. Ife tione ena mwa iwo.

Carlos Castaneda

Mwina wotchuka kwambiri American KATSWIRI. Carlos Castaneda - osati chabe wasayansi, komanso aluso wolemba amene analenga Nkhani ya ziphunzitso za Ula Indian. ntchito yake sangathe zimachitika yeniyeni mtundu wanyimbo - choyamba kaphatikizidwe mabuku, kuwerenga maganizo, ethnography ndi zongoganiza. Ena mwa tanthauzo Castaneda a ntchito Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe tsopano osati kokha - Mwachitsanzo, mfundo "malo Mphamvu" kapena "khamu imeneyi". Carlos yekha anauziridwa ndi zolemba za Aldous Huxley, komanso zifanizo za asing'anga m Lima, kumene nthawi banja lake ankakhala. Komanso, mu bwalo lake panali zokambirana za malingaliro kuti pali kuthekera kwa maloto mapulogalamu. Mu 1959, Castaneda maphunziro a ukachenjede ndi diploma zamaganizo, ndipo mu 1960 analowa University ndi yaikulu Anthropology, kumene kwambiri chinkhoswe kuphunzira mitundu yake chidwi. Ndayenda Mexico, ndi Arizona. Nkhani yaikulu ntchito sayansi Castaneda ndi ntchito zomera hallucinogenic kwa miyambo shamanic Amwenye.

Ezhen Dyubua

Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe zambiri anali akatswiri mu mankhwala. Choncho, munthu wa ku Netherlands Ezhen Dyubua, amene anakhala mpainiya Pithecanthropus, anali dokotala nkhondo. Zinali iye amene anapeza chigaza makombo a mafupa nkhope ndi femurs mitundu, umene kenako kuti ankaphunzira monga mmodzi wa makolo a munthu. Kufufuza Pithecanthropus anayenda pa chilumba cha Java ndi Trinil mobwerezabwereza zofukulidwa ikuchitika ndi zotsatira zofanana, ndipo Leiden, pamene ofukula komanso anatha kupeza mafupa. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kafukufuku sanatenge Dubois momuzungulira Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe. Zinaoneka chisankho kwambiri zachilendo ndipo maganizo. Paleoanthropology kokha mu Chiyambi chake ndi chiyambi cha munthu wakhala insufficiently kuphunzira. Ndipotu ina zachilendo - Dubois anasonyeza chigaza cha akatswiri French, koma pambuyo pa chakudya, anaiwala m'chikwama chake ndi apeza ku malo odyera. Mwamwayi, iye anabwerera - mwinamwake ndi bokosilo zofunika akhoza kutayika.

Rudolf Virchow

Anthropology - sayansi ya chiyambi anthu, ozikidwa pa ntchito yomanga ndi kusanthula mbali anapeza mafupa ndi mafupa. Aliyense maganizo zoona, chabe kungoganizira, kotero pangakhale sizimadziwika. Choncho, Rudolf Virchow famously adakana kuti kuli a Pithecanthropus ndi Neanderthal, kunyoza zotsatira akamagwira ofufuza ena. Izi zinakhudza chitukuko cha sayansi, ngakhale m'njira negative. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe chidwi nthawi zonse anamvetsera maganizo a anzake, ndi kuyankhula Virchow sangapite padera. Ankaganiza kuti mafupa a Neanderthal - amakhalabe wosalimba ndi munthu maganizo kupepera. Apeza zokhudzana Pithecanthropus, anapeza mafupa a Gibbon a. Ambiri, akukhulupirira kuti amuna malasha zikuoneka, koma kuweruza chilichonse pa mafupa anapeza sangakhale chifukwa msinkhu ndi kusintha pathological. Iye anasiya chilemba chake Virchow ndi zinthu zofukulidwa. Anapeza de A Sautuola phanga ndi zojambula Paleolithic akutchedwa chinyengo mwadala, amene mochedwa kuphunzira chipilala wakale wa luso Spain kwa zaka zambiri.

Gustav Koenigswald

Ndi chodabwitsa kuphunzira za mmene zinthu zazing'ono zikhoza kukhala zokwanira ntchito kupanga lalikulu anapeza Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe. Iyi ndi mpukutu wa fupa kapena mano chabe. Anakhala maziko a atsopano ntchito sayansi ya German wasayansi Gustav Koenigswald. Mu mano ku Chinese akatswiri masitolo ndi zokumbidwa pansi ku Java, anafotokoza Meganthropus ndi Pithecanthropus. kafukufuku wake, ayamba kuphunzira Ezhena Dyubua. Mu mano a ogulitsa mankhwala mu Hong Kong anatha kukhazikitsa kuli latsopano mtundu wa Peking Man, osadziwika asayansi patsogolo. Mwa zina, iye anafotokoza Ngandong hominids, anali kalikiliki Java ndi South China. Kuwonjezera anthu amene nayenso anaphunzira malasha orang-utan.

Leakey banja

Nthawi zina Anthropology munthu amapita osati wasayansi osakwatiwa, koma mafumu lonse la akatswiri. Loyang'anizana abale ndi mkazi wa mmodzi wa iwo, ana ndi adzukulu - banja la Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe amene ankaphunzira mafupawa Kenyan, akhala wa anyani ndi hominids mu Africa East. Louis ndi Mary ntchito pa Olduvai Gorge, ndi Richard anaphunzira Nyanja Turkana. Pa nkhani ya banja Leakey malongosoledwe a mitundu monga makolo anthu, ndi malasha anyani. The kupeza chachikulu chinali anapeza Australopithecus mu Africa East, komanso atulukira "anthu angathe." Achita kugwirizana pakati archanthropines ndi Paranthropus boisei, kuwonjezera unyolo chisinthiko.

Mikhail Gerasimov

KATSWIRI, ziboliboli ndi katswiriyo ku Russia anapanga zopereka yaikulu chitukuko cha sayansi. njira wake kubwezeretsa maonekedwe a munthu kuti akhala ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito lero. Kale zaka khumi ndi zitatu Michael ntchito pa m'nyumbayi anatomical, ndi 18 analemba nkhani za sayansi za zofukulidwa Palaeolithic. Kwa zaka zambiri, Gerasimov walenga oposa mazana awiri mbiri zojambulidwa zithunzi. Kumene, Anthropology - nzeru za chiyambi cha munthu wamba, komanso achindunji anthu ndi zizindikiro zawo kugwa mwa kuchuluka kwa zofuna zake. Choncho, kukhazikitsanso maonekedwe Ivana Groznogo, Yaroslava Mudrogo ndi Fridriha Shillera ndi wofunika kwambiri. Komanso, njira ya limakupatsani kulenga zithunzi za anthu akale - Australopithecus, Pithecanthropus, Neanderthal. Kuyambapo kumafuna mndandanda wa zinthu zenizeni. Gerasimov zatsimikiziridwa kugwirizana kwa kapangidwe fupa ndi minofu zofewa pa maziko amene analenga mkuntho. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kamodzi anzake anaganiza kuti ayese Gerasimov nampatsa chigaza, popanda kutchula kwa mwini dzinalo. Iye anatha kukhazikitsa maonekedwe Papuan, amene anali pafupifupi ofanana ndi chithunzi - chigaza chinabweretsedwa pa ulendo Maclay.

SERGEY Gorbenko

Monga tanena zambiri Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe - ndi madokotala, ndipo akutchedwa Russian katswiri - yotero. Gorbenko ophunzitsidwa mu zasayansi wa Institute Maclay, yemwe amaphunzitsa njira kukhazikitsanso Gerasimov. Iye kumbuyo PhD wake nkhani yolembedwa pa kumanganso mawonekedwe a Yaroslav Osmomysl. Zomwe chachikulu chinali ntchito zithunzi zambiri za French Ankhondo akale a Mfumu Louis XI, ndi ngwazi ena odziwika bwino mbiri ya nthawi imeneyo. Pa nthawi, wachita zigaza anthropological kafukufuku ku Cleary San Andre.