Communication lingaliro. ntchito kulankhulana. Udindo, ntchito, akamanena za kulankhulana

Communication m'lingaliro wodziika cha mawu - ndi kulankhulana, kufala kwa mudziwe kwa munthu wina ndi mzake. Izi lingaliro lomwelo pa nkhani m'gulu amaonedwa monga njira (kulankhulana ndi kulumikizana pakati pa anthu: kufotokoza maganizo, nzeru, kudziwa, maganizo, zolinga) ndi chinthu (yomwe ndi ya zipangizo luso zothandiza kusamutsa zambiri).

mbali kulankhulana ndi pazankhani ndi kulankhula, maganizo ndi kulankhula ndi zolimbana ndi kulankhula. Komabe, ofufuza m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuthandauza iwo. Nditawerenga nkhani imeneyi, mudzaphunzila zimene ndicho vuto ndi udindo kulankhulana. Ifenso kukuuzani mbali ya ndondomekoyi.

ndondomeko kulankhulana ndi udindo wake

ndondomeko kulankhulana ndi nzeru zambiri ikuchitika pakati pa anthu awiri kapena kuposa. cholinga chake ndi kupereka kumvetsa ndi kulanda zambiri, ndiwo mutu wa Polankhula.

Ife kupereka ndi kulandira mauthenga kuti:

• kudziŵitsa anthu za chinachake (Mwachitsanzo, cholengeza munkhani kapena teletext);
• kuchenjeza ena (kulira kapena zizindikiro msewu);
• ndifotokoze chinachake (buku);
• kuchereza (filimu kapena anecdote);
• kutsimikizira aliyense (akuyitanira chilichonse chithunzi);
• pofotokoza zinthu (m'kamwa ofotokozera kapena zopelekedwa).

Ichi ndi cholinga kulankhulana. Monga mbali ya njira, ambiri a iwo adzakhala angapo. Mwachitsanzo, filimuyi akhoza kudziŵitsa ndi achilandira, ndi kuteteza ndi kufotokoza ndipo fotokozerani.

Zosowa anthu mu ndondomeko kulankhulana

chifukwa chachikulu chimene tonse timafunikila salankhulana ndi zosowa zokhudza munthu kapena gulu. Mwamuna amabwera mu ndondomeko kulankhulana kuti zinthu zofunika pamoyo. Choncho, zolinga kulankhulana pamwamba ndi zinthu zofunika anthu. Ena mwa iwo ndi izi:

• kupulumuka;
• zofuna munthu;
• mogwirizana ndi ena;
• kupitiriza ubwenzi;
• analimbikitsa aliyense kuti aganize kapena zinthu mwanjira inayake;
• Mgwirizano wa mabungwe ndi magulu mu amodzi limodzi;
• kuonetsa mphamvu pa anthu (makamaka Kukwezeleza);
• chiwonetsero cha m'maganizo ndi chikhalidwe kulenga;
• kuzindikira za dziko ndi zinthu zimene kwa iwo (zimene timaganiza za tokha, zomwe timakhulupilira mmene anafotokozera ena, izo ndi zoona).

anthu akufunika magulu

zosowa anthu m'magulu awa:

• ena;
• munthu;
• chuma;
• kulenga.

Mokhudzana ndi luntha ndi kutanthauzira kwa chiphunzitso cha kulankhulana, lomwe ndi sayansi ya malamulo zosiyanasiyana za anzake, ndife chidwi koposa zonse, chikhalidwe komanso zofuna za munthuyo.

zigawo kulankhulana

Ngati palibe kumvana zimatheka, tikhoza kunena kuti kuyankhulana sizinachitike. Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti ndondomeko iyi mbali mwakhama ankaimba ndi mbali ziwiri. The ndondomeko kulankhulana akuimira anzake angapo a zigawo zikuluzikulu pamodzi. Kuona mwachidule anthu akuluakulu.

wolankhula

Momasuka, kapena sender - munthu amene amapanga lingaliro kapena amatenga mudziwe kenako transmits izo. The sender si nkhani zofotokoza. Komanso amachita encoder mauthenga kuti transmits ndi kudziwa decoder analandira pa njira mayankho. Komanso, kulankhula - munthu udindo mapangidwe chandamale omvera ndi chilengedwe kapena kusankha posts kiyi.

encoder

The encoder kapena kabisidwe ali choyimira cha kusintha mfundo kulankhula. Pali lolembedwa ndi m'kamwa kabisidwe.

Oral ndi kulanda mudziwe ikuchitika mwa njira wapakamwa kapena osakhala (mau zofunika kwambiri nthawi tikhale kamvekedwe, nkhope, manja, osati mawu alipidwa). Kumasulira kwa mauthenga ogontha angaperekedwe monga chitsanzo cha kabisidwe mawu. Pankhaniyi, mawu wamba ndi ndiyotengera otchulidwa wapadera kuwapereka kwa addressee ndi njira popanda mawu n'komwe.

Written 'kala' ikusonyeza ndi mitundu zotsatirazi:

• e, pamene makalata n'kukhala zizindikiro (0 1);
• mwapadera, pamene makalata n'kukhala phokoso (mwachitsanzo, Morse Code).

Ndipo njira decoder

M'pofunika kuganizira chinthu monga njira ndi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti akupereka mauthenga (misonkhano, olembedwa ntchito, kufala m'kamwa, poimba telefoni, malipoti, memos, kulumikiza kompyuta, makalata pa kompyuta, ndi zina zotero. D.).

The decoder (decoding) ndi mtundu wa wolandila uthenga kutembenuka. Izi ndi njira yomweyo ndi njira kuti ntchito kabisidwe, kokha mu nkhani iyi iwo ntchito malangizo iwowo.

Zotchinga ndi zopinga

Kufala kwa mudziwe angalepheretse zotchinga ndi mavuto. Mitundu zotsatirazi wa iwo: zaka, chikhalidwe, terminology, yosiyanasiyana, zinenero zosiyanasiyana, zachuma, zandale, mphamvu kulandira wolandira zambiri, phokoso, olakwika, kulephera luso, ena.

Kopita, chifukwa cha kulankhulana, ndemanga

Kopita (wolandira) - uyu ndi munthu amene uthenga cholinga, amene amatanthauzira. The chifukwa kulankhulana ndi kulandira ndi kutanthauzira uthenga uwu. Ndipo potsiriza, ndemanga - ndi yankho ku uthenga munthuyo.

ntchito kulumikizana

Kuyambira masiku a Aristotle anzeru amanena kuti ndondomeko kukambirana kuonekera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kuyambira zinthu mkati ndi kunja chilengedwe, ananena ndi zolinga zenizeni za zipani, chiwerengero cha ophunzira, njira ndi njira kuphedwa, etc. Izo zimatengera chikhalidwe. aya ntchito tiyenera kuyesetsa amaganizira zinthu zingapo izititsogolera pa izo. Mchitidwe weniweniwo kutumiza mauthenga, ngakhale mu chochitika chomwecho kulankhula, nthawi zina kaphatikizidwe ntchito zingapo. Pankhaniyi, mmodzi kapena awiri a iwo ali ovuta, n'kofunika. Mukhozanso kukambirana za ntchitozo kulankhulana wonse, ndiye zimene ntchito ka moyo wa anthu ndipo munthu.

Childs, ntchito kulankhulana n'kopanda yekha cholinga cha kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi ntchito kapena kusanthula. Mwachitsanzo, m'pofunika ntchito kufunsira. chitsanzo mogwirizana akhoza inamangidwa ndi kudziŵa ntchito chofunika ndi amene - lofunika sekondale.

zitsanzo kulankhulana

Pakali pano, mabuku maphunziro ndi akatswiri ali anapeza zambiri zitsanzo kulankhulana. Ambiri a iwo anafotokozedwa ndi ofufuza m'nthawi ya 20. Komabe, Aristotle akufuna woyamba zitsanzo za kudziwika. Pamaziko a n'zotheka kufotokoza ntchito, ntchito kulankhulana ndi kufunika kwake. Mu ntchito zake, "apamwamba" ndi "Poetics" woganiza anapereka chitsanzo otsatirawa: "wokamba-womvera-izo." Iye ananena kuti chitsanzo chakale ndi chilengedwe, monga akuganizira kwathunthu kuchita kulankhulana onse m'njira olembedwa ndi m'kamwa.

Komabe, mu zoyambirira za m'ma 20, pamene iwo anayamba media monga film, wailesi, TV, tingachipeze powerenga chitsanzo wakhala pang'ono kusinthidwa. M'zaka za m'ma 21, ndi chitukuko cha makompyuta, kuphatikiza ya kudalirana chuma ndi ndale, chitsanzo ichi kumafuna zambiri mozama kutanthauzira. Apanso ofufuza inakumana ndi ntchito pofotokoza ntchito yaikulu ya mawailesi.

chitsanzo Jacobson

Malinga Ro Jacobson, mu chitsanzo zinchito za chochitika mawu kapena kulankhulana nawo sender ndi munthu wolandirayo. Uthenga anagonjetsa koyambirira kwa wachiwiri. Uthenga uwu olembedwa ndi code. Mu chitsanzo, Jacobson nkhani anafotokoza mfundo wotani zili amachita uthenga uwu ndi zomwe kuwapereka kwa iwo. kukhudzana mfundo anafotokoza mbali zolimbana kulankhulana.

ntchito Communication Jacobson

Malinga ndi chitsanzo Jacobson a, zotsatirazi ntchito zisanu ndi chimodzi:

• limaonetseratu (emotive) amagwirizana ndi addresser, amene akufotokoza ubale wake kuti zili mawu;
• connotative, kusonyeza kuganizira kopita, zotsatira yaikulu interlocutor ya;
• referentivnaya (chidziwitso, denotative) zochokera yake ndiponso amanena za chinthu zamalankhulidwe amene akuimira mu uthenga;
• ndakatulo (losafuna), makamaka kwa uthenga, kupanga tsiku ndi tsiku anthu chitsanzo cha luso wapakamwa;
• metalinguistic, amene amagwirizana ndi malamulo a uthenga opatsirana, kumvetsa kwake interlocutor, ndi kutanthauzira zolondola;
• phatic, umene kuti kukhudzana, yokonza mosalekeza kulankhulana, osati zachilendo wa uthenga kapena kufala ake.

Kufala kwa nkhani zokhudza khalidwe ndi zochita za munthu, khalidwe lake, boma la dziko mumtima mwake ndiponso gulu lake. Pa nthawi imeneyi, ndipo zina mwa ntchito za kulankhulana. Tili ndi chidwi chofuna limatchula a ndondomeko kwagona kuti ndi thandizo ake maiko maganizo a anthu kucheza ndi mzake.

Komabe, ngati anthu ali wokhoza kulowa ndondomeko imeneyi? Monga momwe taonera pamwambapa, mu nzeru zina, tingaganizire mfundo kulankhulana. Nchito yake monga tafotokozazi, ndi chibadidwe kulankhulana anthu. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kulankhulana akhoza kuchitika kokha mu dziko anthu. Tikupereka inu timudziwe bwino zosiyanasiyana ake.

The zosiyanasiyana kulankhulana

Choncho, ndondomeko izi zimawonedwa osati anthu. Kulankhulana ndi khalidwe la nyama (chinenero cha njuchi za, capercailyes, kuvina mating wa mbalame) ndi zimagwirira, mwachitsanzo zinthu zinalengedwa mwa munthu (sewerage, mapaipi, telefoni ndi wanthambo chizindikiro, zoyendera). wapadera kulankhulana zingaoneke ngakhale m'chilengedwe zopanda moyo. Mwachitsanzo, ikuchitika pakati pa zomera zina.

Makamaka, mthethe African, akuponyera mankhwala wapadera enzyme mu chilengedwe, monga wina wa mthethe kuwukira giraffe amene adya mphukira nkhuni. Masamba a mitengo, infomeshoni zimenezi mwamsanga kupeza quality, mwa mawu a nyama lililonse kwa chakudya inedible. ndondomeko pamwamba yodziwika ntchito yaikulu ya kulankhulana ndi zizindikiro zake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti tinganene kuti ndi mawu a chidwi.

Lingaliro kwambiri udindo, zinthu kulankhulana, ife mwachidule anafotokoza. Mfundo zapamwambazo limasonyeza zinthu zazikulu za nkhaniyo.