The sayansi ya khalidwe la nyama amatchedwa ethology. Malangizo waukulu komanso kufufuza mbiri

Relations pakati pa anthu ndi nyama anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe mwamsanga nthawi ya mbiri isanayambe. Kudziwa zizolowezi ndi makhalidwe a anthu osiyanasiyana a dziko lathuli anali ofunika kwambiri anthu tili m'nthawi imeneyo kutali. Ena mitundu ya nyama yoopsa kuti msonkhano ndi iwo kuphedwa chomwe chayandikira kwa mlenje wosasamala. Only chidziwitso cha zimagwirira kuti galimoto zilombo zolusa, akhoza kupulumutsa miyoyo mu mkhalidwe womwewo.

nthawi wosazindikira

Poyamba, mankhwala a nyama anali osiyana kwambiri kuposa lero. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi zojambula zambiri phanga ndi wosazindikira luso la nthawi. Ngati munthu ano akuganizira yekha mwini wa dziko ndipo anati soulless nyama gwero ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zofuna zawo, makolo athu ankachita nkhani mosiyana.

Ndiye nyama akulemekezedwa, mwaphunzirazi, ena ankalambira. Sikuti anthu kusintha dziko, kusinthasintha kwa nthawi yosintha zinthu zachilengedwe. Evolution wakhala ndinazolowera mwangwiro zonse zamoyo kuti malo awo. Mwachitsanzo, nyerere angathe kuphunzitsa uziyenda bwino ntchito gulu, ndipo ngakhale mfundo za ntchito yomanga maofesi osiyanasiyana. Beavers kusonyeza chitsanzo cha maganizo komanso opirira akhoza kusintha dziko. Kambuku - mlenje kwambiri ndi bongo kwambiri.

M'masiku amenewo anali sayansi awo, kuphunzira khalidwe la nyama. Mwachibadwa, anali zosavuta, koma, ngakhale, zachititsa kuti mgwirizano ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa. Mwachitsanzo, agalu, Ukuchenjeza pafupi alendo, m'malo kupeza ena chakudya, opangidwa ndi anthu. Kuyangana zilombo akanapereka zokhudza tsoka likuyandikira. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mphamvu zokhala chidwi nyama zachititsa ulemu ndi kufunitsitsa kutsanzira iwo.

History of khalidwe la nyama ndi maphunziro mtima

Pamene anayamba dongosolo amakono a chidziwitso kuti amaphunzira psyche nyama? Tikhoza kunena kuti kafukufuku zayamba cha m'ma XIX, chifukwa Jean Baptiste Lamarck. Masiku ano, sayansi ya khalidwe la nyama amatchedwa ethology ndipo ali otsatira ambiri padziko lonse, koma masiku amenewo kudziwa zinthu zimenezi mwina ali nzeru kuposa sayansi zachilengedwe. Lamarck woyamba awafotokozera chiphunzitso chakuti zamoyo kusintha mchikakamizo cha chilengedwe kunja.

The luso France ankakhulupirira kuti kusinthika ikuchitikira Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa zamoyo, chifukwa cha zimene wamanjenje dongosolo mosalekeza kusintha kwa zinthu pa moyo. Akukhulupirira kuti nyama mtima wodzikonda kusintha, ndiye kuti pakhale zinafunika kusintha khalidwe lomwe zimafalitsidwa kwa mibadwo ya m'tsogolo.

njira chosintha

Lamarck ali kumatanthauza mbali yaikulu mu kuphunzira khalidwe la nyama kwa zaka zambiri. Iye anati malingaliro chimadalira pa wamanjenje dongosolo ndipo akutchula zitatu maganizo mchitidwe - irritability, tilinazo ndi chikumbumtima. Komanso, iye ankakhulupirira kuti achibadwidwe zatenga malo ofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa nyama, monga amaloledwa kuchita bwino, popanda kuwononga nthawi ya kusinkhasinkha ndiponso odzikayikira. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Lamarck sanali munthu popanda nyama ngati amakonda kuchita anzake.

Ndithudi, inu simungakhoze kuyankhula za ethology, popanda kutchulanso Charles Darwin. Chopereka munthu ameneyu mu sayansi n'kofunika. ntchito yake, yakuti "chiwonetsero cha maganizo ndi zinyama, ankaona" khalidwe la zamoyo, kuchokera amazionera a kusanduka, amene anali ngati maziko zina kafukufuku wa sayansi wa ophunzira ake ndi otsatira.

Darwin

Ethology - sayansi ya khalidwe la nyama, ndi mafakitale zina, ngongole zambiri Charles Darwin. Munthu uyu zachilendo anabadwa mu UK, kumene anaphunzira pa yunivesite wopambana mu dzikoli. Koma amachotsera wake nzeru zinalengedwa osati mu Laboratories ndi malaibulale. Iye ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kuyenda mu dziko, kuonera nyama, kuphunzira khalidwe lawo ndi malo kampira. Anali chifukwa cha Darwin, amene amadziwa kukhala sayansi yamakono.

Zinali zolemba Charles Darwin anaphunzira anthu ndi nyama mfundo zinachokera view. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti makhalidwe amene anzake zimachitika yekha kwa munthu (chidwi, tcheru, chikondi, onyenga), pali abale athu aang'ono. Nthawi zambiri, ali ofooka, koma nthawi zina si wolephera munthu. Komanso, ambiri a zochita zachibadwa, monga tsitsi kapena vzdyblivanie pamtunda mano ndi chibadidwe nyama ndi anthu. Zinali ntchito Darwin anakhala maziko, kumene kuphunzira anayambitsa ethology - Lorenz ndi Tinbergen.

anapezazo Darwin

Zimene kubwera kafukufuku uyu wosatopa, ndi mwapadera kwa mbalume ochiritsira a nthawi. Zinali iyeyo amene anayambitsa cholinga osati phunziro zotengera malingaliridwe a psyche lapansi. The malangizo waukulu wa sayansi ya khalidwe la nyama zayambika kuyamika njira imeneyi. Poyamba, asayansi ankaganiza munthu chinachake osiyana chikhalidwe, mukuganiza kuti malamulo ake si ntchito kwa anthu ndipo si kuwakhudza. Kumene, monga mfundo chotheka kokha zosangalatsa kunyada kafukufuku zimenezi, koma sanali kukhala sayansi.

Darwin napereka Musanyengedwe izi. Komanso anaona kuti anthu ndi anyani ndi kholo limodzi, chifukwa achibadwidwe awo ofanana ndi mzake. Iye amadziwikanso siyana zitatu zikuluzikulu makhalidwe - achibadwidwe, kuphunzira zinthu zatsopano ndi mphamvu kuganiza. Malinga ndi iye, kusiyana pakati pa psyche anthu ndi nyama osati quality, koma mlingo wa chitukuko.

ethology

The sayansi ya khalidwe la nyama amatchedwa ethology. tate wake akuti ndi Konrada Lorentsa ndi Niko Tinbergen. Ndi maphunziro awa asankha kuphatikiza zamoyo zinachita ndi causal njira kuphunzira khalidwe la nyama. Iwo anali ndi chidwi zifukwa zimene nyama amachita kanthu, kodi n'kofunika kupulumuka kwa mitundu ndi chitukuko chisinthiko.

Ethology - sayansi ya achibadwidwe. Khalidwe la nyama pa nthawi yomweyo kuonedwa phindu popanda kuganizira malo awo. Lorenz, Tinbergen asayansi ntchito m'munda kumvetsa kuti achibadwidwe inakhazikitsidwa monga Pofuna wa chamoyo kuti azolowere zinthu zachilengedwe. Choncho, malo a mitundu ndi zinthu zokhudza thupi la mitundu, ndi mayankho ake khalidwe.

mfundo za ethology

Kwambiri anthu wamba sitikudziwa ngakhale dzina la sayansi ya khalidwe la nyama. ethology A, mwa zina, ndi chilango kwambiri. Asayansi malonda amatsatira zimene awo pa zinthu akamagwira kuona nyama zosiyanasiyana awo achilengedwe. Technology chitukuko wakhala kwambiri wosalira ndondomekoyi. Tsopano ethologists angathe kugwila khalidwe la nyama mu video, kuchita umboni. Zimenezi zimathandiza tione mphindi iliyonse mu moyo wa mitundu, komanso kuuza anzake. Komanso camcorder angaone moyo wa nyama zakutchire popanda kusokoneza iwo.

Zimenezi zinathandiza asayansi amakono kuphunzira mbali yaikulu ya mapangidwe achibadwidwe, kuti bwino udindo wa zolimbikitsa, omwe iwo amathamanga. Ethologists kuwatenga kudziwa bwino udindo wa makhalidwe titadziwa ndi zinazake. Kunapezeka kuti ena achibadwidwe kukhala, ngakhale pamene nyama si kucheza ndi kuwalimbikitsa kuti imawachititsa. Ine ndikudabwa zimene ndendende achibadwidwe kuonetsetsa coexistence zogwirizana anthu a mtundu umodzi ndi kugawa awo m'dera zina.

Tanthauzo la ethology

Monga mukudziwa kale, sayansi ya khalidwe la nyama amatchedwa ethology. Mawu amenewa ndi zachilendo, koma mtengo chilango chachikulu kwambiri. Kuyangana zilombo malo awo achilengedwe kumathandiza kumvetsa bwino kuzungulira dziko, ndipo chotero, bwino mogwirizana nacho. Chifukwa chirichonse mu dziko cholukanalukana, aliyense mitundu ya zinthu zamoyo, njira imodzi kapena wina, bwanji topezeka lonse. Komanso, kuphunzira khalidwe la nyama, mukhoza kupanga mfundo zosangalatsa za tokha kumvetsa chimene anthu amaterowo si chifukwa cha wina.

Osati aliyense akudziwa dzina la sayansi ya khalidwe la nyama, koma ambiri a ife ntchito zipatso zake. Research mderali adzatha konza zoterezi gawo zofunika monga ziweto. Masiku ano, ntchito imeneyi ndi makina kwathunthu, unali conveyor osatekeseka ntchito wosazindikira chiphunzitso cha zamoyo. The mankhwala zimadza chifukwa cha zoopsa quality, osanenapo mavuto izo zimachita kwa ogula. Mwatsoka, sikutheka kafukufuku cholinga pa nkhaniyi monga makampani chinkhoswe mu nyama husbandry, wolemera kwambiri. Tikagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso akamagwira ethologists mu ulimi, amasokoneza opangidwa kwenikweni kuonjezera.

ziyembekezo

The sayansi ya khalidwe la nyama amatchedwa ethology ndipo ndi imodzi mwa mbali zofunika kwa tsiku. Man aatali kwambiri masuku pamutu chilengedwe popanda kuganizira zimene iye anali kuchita. Komabe, chidziwitso akamagwira ethologists, akhoza kutha izo. Kugwiritsa kafukufuku ntchito zimenezi kudzakuthandizani kuti abwezeretse chilengedwe cha zinthu padziko lapansi. Kumvetsa momwe nyama anapanga achibadwidwe, adzalola ife kuyang'ana zinthu zakale a mitundu zathu, kumvetsa zinthu zimene banali ndipo potsiriza, kuwulula chinsinsi cha chiyambi cha munthu.