Ancient China: Kutulukira. Amakezana ndi zofunika zoyambitsidwa Chinese

Mu msika lero n'zovuta kupeza mankhwala si kupanga China. Pafupifupi zonse ife ntchito, kupanga mu China. Apa ndi ogwira ntchito ndi mtengo kwambiri kuposa mayiko ena, ndipo anthu angabwere ndi ili, chimene wina aliyense angathe kuchita. Zidole bwino ndi otchuka kwambiri akhala ndi Chinese, zipangizo nzeru banja, kachiwiri, anabadwa mu China. Mwachidule, ngakhale mu kwambiri m'mbuyomu, boma ankadziwika chabe chifukwa cha kuphunzira ake luso ndi zina. Atulukira ndi zoyambitsidwa za China wakale anakhala maziko a ulimi wamakono nakhala zinachitika za anthu odziwika bwino lero, zinthu zambiri kwa aliyense.

cholowa zadothi

Zamgululi ku China kwambiri anayamikira padziko lonse. Kunyumba mbale amenewa - zikutanthauza kuti asonyeze ena kukoma kwanu wopanda. zinthu zimenezi kwambiri chifukwa khalidwe lawo woposa wina ndi kukongola chodabwitsa. Tamasulira kuchokera ku mawu Persian "zadothi" amatanthauza "mfumu". Ndipo itero. Mu XIII atumwi zadothi European ku China ndi mtengo kwambiri. Munthu otchuka mu mosungira mwao kusungidwa zitsanzo za ceramic Chinese luso, lathuli mu chimango cha golide. Ndi okhala Iran ndi India akhala Dziwani kuti China wapatsidwa mwayi zamatsenga: ngati chakudya ndinazembera zakupha, izo kusintha mtundu wake. Choncho, kuyambitsa wotchuka kwambiri, anapanga China wakale, n'zotheka ndikuganiza, china.

Lachiwiri Zakachikwi BC. e. (Tang nthawi) limapezeka ziwiya zadothi, ndiwo wa mtengo wake mbiri ndi luso. Patapita anayambitsa protofarfor opanda whiteness khalidwe ndi chilungamo. Koma Chinese ndikukhulupirira izi zadothi woona, pamene anthu otsutsa Western kuvomereza kwa thanthwe.

Ancient China (Kutulukira mmodzi wa limati wamkulu anachititsa ndipo komabe chifukwa kwambiri chidwi) wapereka dziko weniweni matte woyera zadothi. Kumayambiriro kwa VII atumwi, oumba ku China anaphunzira kubala misa zadothi mwa kusakaniza kaolin wa, feldspar ndi silika. Mu ulamuliro wa Nyimbo mafumu pali maluwa kupanga Chinese ceramic.

Maonekedwe a chitsulo

Kale m'zaka za m'ma IV. BC. e. mu China zikanadziwika kwa luso chitsulo yadothi. Mu nthawi yomweyo, kapena ngakhale kale, Chinese ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito malasha, amene anapereka kutentha nkhuni. Ndi mu boma, monga China akale (zikayenda ndi zoyambitsidwa zafotokozedwa m'nkhani), njira zotsatirazi yopangira nkhumba chitsulo anayamba kupanga: mu mphika limatsogolera tooneka ngati chitoliro, ndi stacks kusanduka chitsulo miyala. Sami mphamvu obkladyvali makala n'kuwawotcha. Njira imeneyi anaonetsetsa pakalibe sulfure.

Osewera chitsulo ntchito yopangira mipeni, tchizulo, zolimira kwa makasu, nkhwangwa ndi zipangizo zina. Nkhanizi sanali onyozeka ndi kupanga zidole. Chifukwa cha luso lake chitsulo yadothi, ndi Chinese ziwaya pulasitala ndi miphika ndi makoma woonda kwambiri.

Mwakuya, chozama

Okhumudwa, monga China wakale, zomwe ndi zoyambitsidwa zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito lero, kupangidwa njira pobowola kwambiri. Izo zinachitika m'nthawi ya atumwi BC. Kwera njira kunapangitsa kuti kubowola mabowo m'nthaka, kuya kwa amene anafika limodzi ndi theka mamita zikwi. Tikubooleza zitsime, ntchito ndi lero, ntchito pa mfundo zofanana ndi zimene anapanga ndi Chinese wakale. Koma m'masiku amenewo nsanja kukapempha chida ukufika mamita 60 kutalika. Antchito pakati pa gawo koyenera kuti chida malangizo a miyala zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo ndi mabowo. Lero, chifukwa cha ichi chitsogozo machubu ntchito.

Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe zopangidwa hemp ndi zobala nsungwi nyumba, mbuye zonse kulera ndi kuchepetsa kubowola chitsulo. Ichi chidachitika mpaka mpaka akafika kuya zinafunika, pa lomwe lili wosanjikiza gasi. Wake ntchito ngati mafuta kupanga mchere.

Kumpoto kapena kum'mawa

Kodi yaitali mndandanda wa atayamba China wakale. COMPASS ndi kuwatchula mu loyamba isanu ofunika. Kuyambira kale, ndi Chinese akudziwa kuli maginito. Gawo III. BC. e. okhala Ufumu Middle, inali kudziŵika kuti angathe kukopa chitsulo. Mwamsanga ndipo iwo anazindikira kuti nkhaniyi akhoza kusonyeza mbali iti ndi kumpoto. Mwina, pa nthawi yomweyo kupangidwa ndi kampasi choyamba. Komabe, ndiye iye ankawoneka ngati supuni maginito kuti chinali olamulira yake ndi kuikidwa pakati pa chipangizo, ofanana kumbali ndi matabwa kapena mkuwa. A mzere wolekanitsa pa zida kumabweretsa mbali ya kuwala. Supuni zonse anatchula kum'mwera. chipangizo woteroyo ankatchedwa "supuni, amene akulamulira dziko."

M'zaka XI m'malo anayamba ntchito Chinese maginito maginito chitsulo kapena zitsulo. Panthawi imeneyi, wotchuka kwambiri, ndipo anali ndi madzi kampasi. Ancient China, kuyambitsa alidi wapadera ndi zodabwitsa - boma m'madera chipangizo ntchito motere: Pa chotengera ndi madzi adatchithisira maginito zitsulo singano. Iwo anali ikuchitika mu mawonekedwe a nsomba ndipo kenako masentimita asanu m'litali. chithunzi mutu kulozera chabe kum'mwera. M'kupita kwa nthawi, nsomba Anagonjera zosintha ndipo wakhala wamba kampasi singano.

stirrups

Kavalo-atakwera anthu ayamba kuchita kalekale. Kwa nthawi yaitali iwo anayenda pa kavalo popanda footrest a. The stirrups sanali zinkadziwika kapena Ababulo kapena Amedi, ngakhale Ahelene, ngakhale anthu ena akale. Pamene galimoto anthu kudya anali kum'mamatira manyenje a akavalo, kuti angagwe. Koma zoyambitsidwa lalikulu la China zakalezo sanali kuvala ngati mutu yapamwamba, ngati ndithudi sanayenere. M'zaka III Chinese anatulukira kupewa mavuto amenewa. Pa nthawi imeneyo, iwo ankatengedwa metallurgists amazipanga luso, choncho kwa akuponya ndi stirrups anayamba ntchito chitsulo ndi mkuwa. Mwatsoka, sanasunge dzina la munthu amene anapanga chinthu ichi. Koma China aphunzira atulutse stirrups zitsulo, ndipo anali mawonekedwe wangwiro.

Ngati panalibe pepala

Ancient China, Kutulukira zomwe tiyenera kuwalemekeza, anatsegula nyengo yatsopano mu chitukuko cha bukhu. The Chinese anatha kuyambitsa pepala ndi kusindikizidwa. Amakezana malemba kakale unayamba chaka 3200, chikhalidwe cha BC. e. Pa nthawi ya Six Dynasties ku China linatsegulidwa lithography. vesi anagogoda pa mwala, ndipo kenako anapanga kuganiza pa pepala. Mu VIII m'ma BC, m'malo mwala anayamba ntchito pepala. Choncho panali chosema ndi thabwa.

Malinga ndi nthano, anayambitsa pepala anakhala anauzidwa Lun - mtumiki wa harem a mfumu. Iye anakhala pa East Han. magwero zakale amanena kuti pepala kupanga anatchula ntchito makungwa a mitengo, maukonde ndi nsanza. Ichi apa ndi chilengedwe cha sender limeneli kwa Mfumu. Popeza pepala mbe mu moyo wa umunthu ndipo wakhala lingaliro singasiyanitsidwe linakhalapo.

silika Chinese

Kwa zaka zambiri, mayiko Western ankadziwa China monga wopanga silika. Mu masiku amakedzana kwambiri, okhala m'mwamba Ufumu wogwidwa zinsinsi za kupanga zinthu izi zodabwitsa. Si Lin, mfumu mkazi Huang Di, anaphunzitsa atsikana Chinese kukula silkworms, processing silika ndi kuluka wa yarns analandira kanthu.

Kutulukira wotchuka

mndandanda A lotchedwa "zoyambitsidwa za anthu Ancient China" chingakhale chosakwanira popanda kutchulidwa kwa chinthu choterocho, monga onga. Ngakhale mu zaka zoyambirira AD asayansi ku China anaphunzira kupeza osakaniza a sulfa ndi nitrate, amene pamodzi ndi khala ndi maziko a chiphunzitso cha mankhwala a ufa. kupezeka anali pang'ono n'zolakwika. Ndipo onse chifukwa Chinese amayesa kupeza mankhwala yomwe kunali kotheka kukwaniritsa chosafa. M'malo mwake, Adalenga chinthu amene achotsa moyo.

Onga anali ntchito actuate manja ndi zolinga za m'banja. Chabwino, nkhondo ndi yomveka, koma kodi moyo wamtendere? Kodi ntchito unapangidwa chotero mankhwala oopsa? Iwo likukhalira kuti pamene inayamba zinachitika kapena kuti matenda (mliri), onga ankaimba udindo wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ufa ankachitira zosiyanasiyana zilonda ndi mabala pa thupi. Iye ankasakidwa tizilombo.

zaluso A angapo

Ancient China (Kutulukira tafotokozazi) ndi monyadira kwambiri mipata ena. Mwachitsanzo, ndi anthu a Ufumu Middle anali anatulukira makombola, popanda zomwe lero alibe pochitika chachikulu mwambowu. Seismoscope choyamba anaonekera China wakale. Ankakondedwa ndi anthu ambiri gourmets tiyi aphunzira mmene kukula ndi kuphika mu dziko. Ndipo chidawoneka crossbow, wotchi makina, oyang'anira kavalo, khasu chitsulo ndi zina zambiri zinthu zothandiza.