Anna Akhmatova: moyo ndi ntchito. Akhmatova: mitu yaikulu ya zilandiridwenso

Anna Akhmatova, amene ndi ntchito ife azipereka kwa inu - ndi cholembera dzina amene walembapo ndakatulo wake AA Gorenko. ndakatulo iyi anabadwa mu 1889, 11 (23) ya June, pafupi Odessa. banja lake posachedwapa anasamukira ku Tsarskoye Selo, kumene zaka 16 ankakhala Akhmatova. Creation (mwachidule) a ndakatulo iyi Adzaperekedwa pambuyo yonena za. Choyamba tidziwe bwino za moyo Anny Gorenko.

zaka zoyambirira

zaka zoyambirira sanali duwa kwa Anny Andreevny. makolo ake anasiyana mu 1905. mayi linatengedwa kwa Yevpatoria aakazi akudwala TB. Apa, kwa nthawi yoyamba anakumana ndi moyo wa yachilendo lalikulu dirtiest midzi "mtsikana pake". Iwo anakumana ndi chikondi sewero, ankafuna kudzipha.

Maphunzilo ku Kiev ndi zolimbitsira thupi Tsarskoselskaya

mnyamata oyambirira kuti ndakatulo anali kupereka maphunziro Kiev ndi Tsarskoselskaya zolimbitsira thupi. The kalasi lomaliza umachitika mu Kiev. Pambuyo pake, wolemba ndakatulo m'tsogolo maphunziro a zamalamulo ku Kiev, ndi philology pa St. Petersburg, pa University Akazi. Mu Kiev, anaphunzira Latin, amene analola kenako kuphunzira chinenero Italy momasuka, kuwerenga Dante oyambirira. Koma Akhmatova kwa nzika malamulo chidwi posachedwa, choncho anapita kwa St. Petersburg ndi kuphunzira pa maphunziro m'mbiri komanso kalembedwe.

Choyamba ndakatulo ndi kufalitsa

Ndime yoyamba kuti akadali noticeable amadza Derzhavin, lolembedwa ndi wamng'ono wa pasukulu Gorenko pamene anali ndi zaka 11 zokha. Mu 1907 zinaoneka buku loyamba.

Mu 1910, kuyambira pa chiyambi chawo, Akhmatova zonse akuyamba lofalitsidwa mu Moscow ndi St. Petersburg magazini. Kamodzi analenga "Gulani olemba ndakatulo" (1911), gulu la zolembalemba, iye anachita izo ntchito ya Mlembi.

Ukwati, ulendo ku Ulaya

Akhmatova mu nthawi kuchokera 1910 mpaka 1918 anakwatira NS Gumilyov, imatchedwanso Russian ndakatulo. Naye iye anakomana pamene kuphunzira Tsarskoye Selo sukulu. Pambuyo Akhmatova anapanga ulendo Paris mu zaka 1910-1912, kumene anakhala mabwenzi Amedeo Modigliani, ku Italy wojambula amene analenga chithunzi ake. Komanso, nthawi yomweyo, iye anapita ku Italy.

Maonekedwe a Akhmatova

Nikolay Gumilev anayambitsa mkazi wake kuti mabuku ndi luso malo, kumene dzina la amamuonera kufunika kwake oyambirira. Osati unsembe ndakatulo Anny Andreevny unakhala wotchuka, komanso maonekedwe ake. Akhmatova anakantha m'nthawi ukulu, regal. Iye anapereka mphatso monga mfumukazi. Kunja view a ndakatulo ouziridwa osati Modigliani, komanso za akatswiri monga K. Petrov-Vodkin, A. Altman, Z. Serebryakov, A. Tyshler, N. Tyrsa A. Danko (m'munsimu akupereka ntchito Petrov-Vodkin) .

M'chigawo choyamba cha ndakatulo, ndi kubadwa kwa mwana

Mu 1912, ndi chikhomo cha ndakatulo iyi, chinachitika mu moyo wake, zochitika ziwiri zofunika. Lofalitsidwa m'chigawo choyamba cha ndakatulo Anny Andreevny amatchedwa "Mgonero," womwe amalembedwa ntchito yake. Akhmatova komanso anamuberekera mwana wamwamuna mbiri m'tsogolo, Gumilyov Lev Nikolaevich - chochitika chofunika mu moyo wake.

Zina m'chigawo choyamba cha ndakatulo ndi zifanizo za pulasitiki ntchito iwo ali bwino zikuchokera. Iwo anakakamizika otsutsa Russian kuti ndakatulo, talente latsopano. Ngakhale kuti "aphunzitsi" ali ambuye ngati Akhmatova Symbolist monga Blok ndi I. F. Annensky, ndakatulo yake kunaoneka kuchokera pachiyambi monga Acmeist. Ndipotu, pamodzi ndi O. E. Mandelshtamom ndi N. S. Gumilevym ndakatulo kumayambiriro 1910, inali pachimake pa izi anadza pa nthawi ya azimuth latsopano ndakatulo.

Ziwiri zotsatira zopereka, kusankha kukhala Russia

Ine anatsatira m'chigawo choyamba ndi buku kachiwiri lotchedwa "Korona Popemphera" (1914), ndipo patapita zaka zitatu, mu September 1917, anali magulu "White Nkhosa" wachitatu mu ntchito yake. The October kuukira boma sakakamiza wolemba ndakatulo kusamuka, ngakhale pa nthawi imeneyi, anayamba misa emigration. Russia anasiya mmodzi anthu ena pafupi Akhmatova: A. Lurie, Antrep B. ndi O. Glebova-Studeykina, mnzake wa achinyamata. Komabe, wolemba ndakatulo n'kumaonera mu "ochimwa" ndipo "wogontha" Russia. A udindo ku dziko lake, sangamange ku dzikolo ndi Chirasha upezeke Annu Andreevnu kulowa kukambirana ndi izo asankha kusiya. Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu amene anasiya Russia, anapitiriza zifukwa emigration ake Akhmatova. Ndi kuti ananena, makamaka, R. Hull anatembenukira Anne Andreevne B. Franck ndi G. Adamovich.

nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa Anny Andreevny Ahmatovoy

Pa nthawi imeneyo, moyo wake zinasinthiratu kuwalitsa chilengedwe chake. Akhmatova anali kugwira ntchito mu laibulale pa Institute of Agronomy, mu 1920s oyambirira anazisindikizitsa zopereka awiri a ndakatulo. Amenewa anali "Plantain", linatuluka mu 1921, ndi "Anno Domini" (yomasulira - "M'chaka cha Ambuye", linatuluka mu 1922). Kwa zaka 18 pambuyo atolankhani sizinayambe ntchito. zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zimachitika izi: pa dzanja limodzi, izi kuwombera NS Gumilyov, mwamuna, amene anali mlandu nawo za chiwembu + zisinthe; ina - kukana zinthu ndakatulo Soviet kutsutsa. Akhmatova zambiri pa chete izi kukakamizidwa ankachita nawo ntchito Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina.

anawona Optina

Kusintha wanu "mawu" ndi "cholembedwa" Akhmatova zogwirizana ndi pakati pa 1920 ndi ulendo mu 1922, mu May, Optina ndi kukambirana ndi Mkulu timadzi tokoma. Mwina, kukambirana izi kwambiri ndi wolemba ndakatulo iyi. Akhmatova anali zimakhalira pachibale akuchikazi ndi A. Motovilov ndi chidziko novice Serafima Sarovskogo. Anatenga mmusi kupyola mibadwo ya chiwombolo lingaliro la nsembe.

ukwati yachiwiri

Tsoka la Akhmatova wovulala anali unakambidwanso mogwirizana ndi umunthu wa V. Shileiko, amene anakhala mwamuna wake wachiwiri. Zinali wasayansi-orientalist, amene anali nawo pa chikhalidwe cha mayiko yakale monga Babulo, Asuri, Igupto. moyo ndi njakata izi mu moyo komanso wopondereza munthu sizinayende, koma zochita zake zimachitika ndakatulo iyi mu kuwonjezeka ntchito zosungika zolemba aumunthu.

Moyo ndi Works mu 1940

Anasonkhanitsa pansi udindo "Mwa mabuku asanu" adzaoneka mu 1940. Iye anabwerera kwa kanthawi mabuku amakono a nthawi ndakatulo, Anna Akhmatova. Moyo ndi ntchito yake pa nthawi ino ndi zochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Akhmatova zopezeka mu Leningrad The Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. Iye anasamutsidwa ku Tashkent. Komabe, mu 1944 a ndakatulo anabwerera ku Leningrad. Mu 1946, pansi atatsutsidwa ndi ankhanza, iye anachotsedwa pa Writers 'Union.

Bwererani mabuku Russian

Zitachitika izi zaka khumi zotsatira mu ntchito za ndakatulo iyi taonera yekha kuti pa nthawi iyi chinkhoswe yomasulira mabuku Anna Akhmatova. Zilandiridwenso wa ulamuliro wake Soviet sanafune. L. N. Gumilev, mwana wake anali kutumikira pa nthawi chilango m'misasa ntchito ngati chigawenga ndale. Bwererani mabuku Russian, ndakatulo Akhmatova anatenga malo okha mu theka lachiwiri la 1950. Kuyambira 1958 zotolera za mawu a ndakatulo iyi kamodzinso kuyambira kusindikizidwa. Linamalizidwa mu 1962, "ndakatulo Popanda Hero," kale opangidwa kwa zaka 22. Anna Akhmatova anamwalira mu 1966, pa March 5. Ndakatulo m'manda pafupi St. Petersburg, ku Komarovo. Manda izo anapereka m'munsimu.

Acmeism ntchito za Akhmatova

Akhmatova, amene ntchito tsopano ndi imodzi mwa nsonga dziko ndakatulo, bukhu lake loyamba la ndakatulo a mtsogolo ndi wokongola ozizira, koma mzere umodzi ndi kusankha kuti: ". ... kuledzera phokoso la mawu ofanana wanu" Mikhail Kuzmin Komabe, oyamba ake chopereka inatha ndi mawu amene amabwera kwa ife achinyamata, ndakatulo yatsopano, ndi deta onse kuti kukhala weniweni. Makamaka kutumikira poetics a "madzulo" ongolankhula pulogalamu acmeism - kachitidwe latsopano mu mabuku amene nthawi zambiri monga poetess Anna Akhmatova. Limangotsatira zilandiridwenso wa yambiri ya khalidwe la kukuchititsa zimenezi.

Photo anapereka pansipa chidachitika mu 1925.

Acmeism anayambika zimachitika kuti khalidwe lotayirira la kalembedwe Symbolist. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani V. M. Zhirmunskogo kudziwika zolembalemba wotsutsa, zokhudza ntchito ya anthu a azimuth imeneyi dzina lake motere: ". Kuswa ikuimira" Dalyam lachinsinsi ndi "wofiirira zolengedwa" iwo mosiyana ndi moyo m'dziko lino, "pano". Makhalidwe imadalira ndi zosiyanasiyana Chikhristu m'malo ndi latsopano "mfundo chosagwedera thanthwe."

Mutu wa chikondi mu ntchito ya ndakatulo iyi

Akhmatova analowa mabuku a m'zaka za m'ma 20, kotala chake choyamba, ndi mutu mwambo World mawu - mutu wa chikondi. Komabe, njira zake ntchito za ndakatulo ndi thunthu latsopano. ndakatulo Akhmatova a kutali chimatsogoleredwa chosalimba ndakatulo, naperekanso m'nthawi ya 19 ndi mayina monga Carolina Pavlova, Yulia Yulia Zhadovskaya, Mirra Lokhvitskaya. Ali kutali komanso ku "abwino", umboni lyricism khalidwe la chikondi ndakatulo ya Symbolists. M'njira imeneyi, iwo anadalira makamaka Russian mawu ndi prose wa m'zaka za m'ma 19, Akhmatova. Zilandiridwenso izo groundbreaking. O. E. Mandelshtam Mwachitsanzo, analemba kuti mawu anabweretsa zovuta za Russian buku la m'zaka za m'ma 19, Akhmatova. Nkhani pa ntchito izo zikhoza kukhala kuyamba ndi nkhani yolembedwa izi.

"Madzulo" nao mu guises osiyana maganizo amorous, koma heroine wa wakhala anakana, anaperekedwa, akuvutika. Chukovsky analemba za izo, kuti munthu woyamba kupeza limene sawakonda - ndakatulo, ndi Akhmatova (nkhani ntchito za izo, "Akhmatova ndi Mayakovsky", analengedwa ndi wolemba chomwecho, kwathandiza kwambiri kuti kuzunza kwake pamene mavesi a ndakatulo iyi osati lofalitsidwa). Chikondi unrequited anaona chitsime cha zilandiridwenso osati temberero. magawo atatu a m'chigawo akutchedwa, motero, "Chikondi," "Chinyengo" ndi "imasonkhezera". Osalimba ukazi ndi kukongola amaphatikiza mawu Akhmatova ndi walandira mtima kuvutika. Ya ndakatulo 46 m'gulu chopereka, pafupifupi theka zoyenera asiyane ndi imfa. Imeneyi si ngozi. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1910 mpaka 1912 ndakatulo wogwidwa ndi ganizo kratkodnevnosti, iye anali presentiment imfa. Ndi 1912, alongo awiri a wake anamwalira ndi chifuwa chachikulu, chotero Anna Gorenko (Akhmatova, amene ndi ntchito tiganizire) ankakhulupirira kuti tsoka chomwecho zimagwera ake. Komabe, si womangidwa, motsutsana ndi Symbolists, kupatukana ndi imfa ndi maganizo opanda chiyembekezo, kuwawa. maganizo Izi wafunsira zinachitikira dziko la kukongola.

Powafotokozera m'buku lakuti "Night" ndipo potsiriza inkayenda choyamba mu "ZABWINO", ndiye kuti "White paketi" maonekedwe osiyana ndi a kalembedwe a ndakatulo iyi.

Zolinga za chikumbumtima ndi kukumbukira

Nkhani amadera wapamtima lyricism Anny Andreevny. Kale mu "bwino" ndi "madzulo" ndi mutu wa chikondi, pali ena awiri aakulu zolinga - chikumbumtima ndi kukumbukira.

"Fateful mphindi", umene unali wotchuka ndi mbiri m'banja (yomwe inayamba mu 1914, nkhondo yoyamba), chinachitikira ndi yovuta mu moyo a ndakatulo iyi. Iwo anatsegula mu 1915, TB banja cholowa matenda ake.

"Pushkinizm" Akhmatova

Komanso timapitiriza zolinga za chikumbumtima ndi kukumbukira mu "White nkhosa", kenako ntchito ndi kutenga ulamuliro. Ndakatulo ka ndakatulo mu zaka 1915-1917 ikusintha. Kunadetsa kudzudzulidwa otchulidwa ngati "pushkinizm" Akhmatova. Kwenikweni ake luso chokwanira, lolondola mawu. Iwo ananenanso pamaso pa "citationality wosanjikiza" ndi mayina ambiri ndi allusions onse m'nthawi ndi akalambula ndi: O. E. Mandelshtamom, B. L. Pasternakom, AA Blok. chuma chonse wauzimu chikhalidwe m'dziko lathu anali kumbuyo Akhmatova, ndipo iye molondola ankaona wolowa wake.

Mutu dziko ntchito Akhmatova, anati kwa utasintha

Sakanakhoza koma kuntchito amasokoneza zochitika zoterezi mu moyo a ndakatulo iyi. Akhmatova, amene ndi ntchito anali mu nthawi zovuta kuti dziko lathu, analandira utasintha cha 1917 m'chaka ngozi. Dziko lakale, mu maganizo ake, sanaonekenso. Mutu dziko ndi ntchito za Akhmatova ankaimira Mwachitsanzo, m'buku lakuti "Anno Domini". gawo amatsegula uyu anatuluka mu 1922, chopereka limatchedwa "Zonse". epigraph mzere anatengedwa kuti buku lonse "pa zaka lowoneka ..." F. I. Tyutcheva. Dziko salinso kwa ndakatulo iyi ...

Komabe Akhmatova zisinthe - kumakhalanso payback moyo wakale wauchimo, chilango. Lolani heroine m'nyimbo ndi sikulenga lokha zoipa, iye amaona kuti ndi nawo vuto la wamkulu, kotero Akhmatova okonzeka kugawana ndi gawo lovuta kwa anthu awo. Dziko ndi ntchito za udindo Akhmatova chowombola yekha.

Ngakhale mutu wa buku anamasuliridwa kuti "M'chaka cha Ambuye", amanena kuti wolemba ndakatulo amaona ngati chifuniro cha Mulungu msinkhu wake. The ntchito kufanana mbiri ndipo amajambulapo maluwa okongola m'Baibulo akhala m'modzi wa njira kumvetsa luso zikuchitika Russia. Iwo ayamba kuwaika Akhmatova (mwachitsanzo, ndakatulo "Cleopatra," "Dante", "mavesi a m'Baibulo").

Mawu a ndakatulo chachikulu ichi, "Ine" nthawi imeneyi amakhala "ife". Akhmatova amalankhula m'malo mwa "ambiri." Ola lililonse, osati a ndakatulo iyi, komanso m'nthawi wake, wolungama ndi mawu a ndakatulo iyi.

Izi ndi mfundo zazikulu za zilandiridwenso Akhmatova, wamuyaya, ndipo lililonse kwa nthawi ya moyo a ndakatulo iyi. Nthawi poyerekeza ndi mzake - ndi Marina Tsvetaeva. Onse awa ali lero malamulo a ndakatulo chosalimba. Komabe, osati kuti ali zambiri zofanana, koma losiyana ambiri zakufa zilandiridwenso Akhmatova ndi Tsvetaeva. The kulemba pa nkhani imeneyi amakonda kufunsa ophunzira kuti alembe. Ndipotu n'zochititsa chidwi kuti amanena pa chifukwa N'zosatheka kusokoneza ndakatulo yolembedwa ndi Akhmatova, ndi ntchito analengedwa ndi Tsvetaeva. Koma kuti ndi mutu wina ...