Antarctica: chikhalidwe. Flora ndi zinyama a Antarctica

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mayiko ambiri enigmatic ndi pang'ono odziwika padziko lathuli. Antarctica anatsegula awiri olimba mtima wofufuza - M. Lazarev ndi Bellingshausen. ulendo wawo anatsimikizira kukhalako kwa Antarctica kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi. Izi zinachitika mu 1820.

Lero, kum'mwera kontinenti a dziko lapansi, monga Kale, Akuzigwira zinsinsi zambiri. Nature wa Antarctica kwambiri ndithu ndipo palibe mitundu yosiyanayo. Iwo anakhazikitsa kuti ndi kontinenti apamwamba. dziko limatuluka pamwamba pa nyanja pa 2-4 thousand (pakati pa Africa) makilomita.

Kufotokozera m'dzikoli

Transarctic Mountains kuwoloka Antarctica, muchigawane pawiri - kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo. Pafupifupi Africa lonse ali ndi ayezi. Only mu dera la kumadzulo kwa pafupifupi zikwi makumi anai makilomita lalikulu m'madera wotanganidwa, ayezi. Iwo zili pa Pacific gombe - chigwa ang'ono ndi nsonga ochepa phiri lotchedwa nunataks. Iwo nsanja pa ayezi.

Ayezi chivundikiro m'dzikoli - amphamvu kwambiri dziko - kiyubiki mamita 30 miliyoni ayezi amene amapanga 90% wa m'bado wa dziko ayezi. Characteristically, ayezi a Antarctica muli nkhokwe yaikulu ya madzi abwino.

nyengo

Antarctica ndi khalidwe losiyana nyengo kunkafika pachimake pa dziko lapansi. Mu 1983 iye anali yololedwa mwalamulo mtheradi osachepera - opanda madigiri 89,2. M'nyengo yozizira kutentha kusungidwa pa madigiri padziko -60 kuti -75. M'nyengo yotentha limatuluka kuti -50. Ndipo kokha pa gombe nyengo wofatsa: kutentha pafupifupi ranges ku madigiri 0 kuti -20.

Chamvula zotheka mu mawonekedwe a chisanu, amene wothinikizidwa pansi pa madziwo yake, kupanga zigawo latsopano la ayezi.

Komabe Antarctica, pali mitsinje ndi nyanja. Iwo amaoneka m'chilimwe ndi yozizira kamodzinso yokutidwa ndi ayezi. Masiku ano, asayansi apeza 140 subglacial nyanja. Awa, mmodzi amaundana - East.

The zomera za Antarctica

zomera Africa ndi osauka kwambiri. mbali Natural a Antarctica chifukwa nyengo yake nkhanza. algae ambiri amalima pano - pafupifupi 700 mitundu. Ngopatulidwa zigwa ayezi ndi kugombe la Africa aphimbidwa lichens ndi ndere. Maluwa zomera m'dziko lino ankhanza, awiri - pearlwort Quito ndi Antarctic udzu tsitsi.

Pearlwort Quito wa banja Caryophyllaceae. Izi otsika herbaceous zomera kukhala pincushion mawonekedwe ndi yaing'ono maluwa wotumbululuka chikasu ndi woyera. Kutalika kwa zomera wamkulu musalumphe asanu 5 masentimita.

Antarctic tsitsi udzu limabweretsa dzinthu. Only amamera dziko, sunlit. Izi tchire kumveka amakula 20 masentimita. Zomera sangalekerere yozizira koopsa. Ngakhale pa maluwa ndi sikukuvulaza ndi frosts.

The zomera za Antarctic, anapereka zomera pang'ono ndinazolowera ozizira wosatha. maselo awo ndi madzi pang'ono kapena ayi, njira zonse mumachita zinthu mochedwa.

nyama

Makamaka chikhalidwe cha Antarctica ndi unakhudzadi awo pa zomera m'dzikoli. Nyama zokhala mu dziko achisanu kokha kumene zomera. Ngakhale nyengo mwankhanza Antarctica Kale anthu zinyamazi.

nyama Antarctic zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri osiyana - m'madzi ndipo lapansi. Tikumbukenso kuti nyama zonse zamoyo pa dziko, mu Antarctica kumeneko.

Madzi ozungulira Africa, wolemera mu zooplankton, ndilo chakudya chachikulu zisindikizo, zinsomba, anyani ndi mikango nyanja. Kuli nsomba ayezi - zolengedwa zodabwitsa kuti ndinazolowera moyo mu madzi achisanu.

Pakuti nyama zazikulu za Antarctica ndi buluu zinsomba, amene amakopeka ambiri shrimp.

Mu nyanja madzi oyera sangagone buluu wobiriwira algae ndi nematodes, copepods ndi daphnia zimachitika.

mbalame

Pakuti anyani, skuas ndi Arctic Terns mbadwa kunyumba Antarctica. Nature salola Africa kukhala mbalame zambiri kuno. mitundu inayi ya anyani moyo mu Antarctica. Ambiri anthu - Imperial. Nthawi zina pa Africa kum'mwera kuwuluka petrels.

nyama

Antarctica, chikhalidwe cha omwe ndi wovuta kwambiri kwa nyama, angakhoze kokha kudzitamandira chifukwa mitundu amene angathe kukhala pa mtunda ndi pa madzi. Choyamba izo akuwasindikiza. Komanso, pa gombe la zisindikizo moyo nyalugwe ndi zisindikizo njovu. Dolphins ang'ono mchenga kapena wakuda ndi woyera, umene whalers otchedwa ng'ombe nyanja.

ogwirira Antarctica

Pa dziko lino amakhala zambiri zimadya osiyana. zakudya zawo Amakhala makamaka wa nkhanu zomera. Awa, m'pofunika kuti asonyeze m'madzi nyalugwe - chisindikizo waukulu krill. Iye amakhala pa kuya osaya. Komabe, ali ulemerero chilombo okhoza kusaka ndi nyama zazikulu. kusaka amenewa koma ndi nyengo yekha mu chikhalidwe ndi cholinga kusiyanitsa zakudya, chomwe nyama ndi nsomba, koma ndi maziko a krill. A ochepa ogwirira izi m'madzi anali pafupi rookeries zidindo ubweya ndi madera penguin. Nthawi zambiri, zimphona izi yobwerera pa floes ayezi pamodzi chilumba ndi chiyambi cha dzinja ambirimbiri, azisonkhana ku South Georgia.

Kambuku zisindikizo - ndi zenizeni zimphona. Mwalamulo mwalamulo kutalika - mamita 3.8, koma panali nyama ndi zazikulu.

Ndi kugwa kwa akambuku kusintha njira ya moyo ndi kudza pafupi ndi gombe limene adzatsika wachinyamata wongoyamba ubweya zisindikizo ndi anyani.

invertebrates

Kuti kupsa kwathunthu chikhalidwe cha Antarctica, choncho arthropod invertebrates. Mu Antarctica, kunyumba kwa mitundu 67 nthata ndi mitundu zinayi nsabwe. Pali mbalame nsabwe, utitiri ndi, ndithudi, udzudzu. Tikumbukenso kuti wingless udzudzu kulira ndi ndege mtundu wakuda, imapezeka pa Africa achisanu. tizilombo awa - kuderako zokhudza nyama kwathunthu lapansi.

Chochuluka invertebrates ndi tizilombo kulowa Africa kum'mwera kwa mbalame.

zokopa alendo

Ngakhale nyengo mwankhanza Antarctica za sikisi sauzande la alendo kubwera chaka chilichonse. Ambiri a iwo amapita ku Antarctic Peninsula, pamene ndege ndi pakati alendo. Cha mma 1990, alendo anayamba kuyendera ndi Nyanja Ross.