Anthropologism ndi imadalira nthanthi - ziri ...

Imadalira ndi anthropologism - mmodzi wa mfundo za nzeru za anthu. Ngakhale kuti mfundo zimenezi akhala m'Malemba posachedwapa, iwo anawonekera ndi zikamera wa chitukuko choyamba. patsogolo makamaka wakhala masiku Ancient Greece makamaka nawo iwo Sophists.

imadalira

Imadalira nthanthi - izi ndi mfundo yakuti zonse mu moyo wanu ndipo zimadalira ndi maganizo. Mfundo limatsindika kugwirizana zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi makhalidwe awo zotengera malingaliridwe ndi katundu. Malinga ndi ichi, popeza zinthu zonse ndi makhalidwe m'maganizo, kudalirika kwawo labwino kuti kutsutsako ndi pafupifupi zinthu zonse zikhoza ankayimiridwa ngati onyenga ndi olakwika. Mwachitsanzo, ngati munthu akanena, "Perekani zitsanzo za nzeru za imadalira" Chitsanzo ndi maganizo otsatirawa: mkango amapha nyama yake. Chimenechi ndi zotengera malingaliridwe chifukwa, malingana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana, zingakhale zabwino kapena zoipa. Ngati wovulalayo ndi mbawala, ndiye ndizo zabwino, chifukwa zimenezi ndi malamulo a dziko nyama, koma ngati wovulalayo ndi munthu - ndiye maganizo amakhala negative. Izi imadalira ndi m'ndende.

Malinga pa mmene inu muyang'ana pa zinthu izi, izo zikhoza kukhala zabwino kapena zoipa, zoona kapena zabodza, zolondola kapena zolakwika. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti anthu ambiri anzeru kuganizira imadalira monga matenda a nzeru ano.

Imadalira ndi anthropologism Sophists

Sophists ku Greece unali anthu amene anadzipereka okha kuti ntchito maganizo. Anatinso kwa Sophists anali nzeru ena, komanso anthu amene ankaphunzira ndale, oratory, chilamulo ndi ena. The sophists otchuka kwambiri nthawi anali Solon, Pythagoras, Socrates, Protagoras, Prodicus, Hippias ndi ena. Anthropologism, subjectivism ndi imadalira ndi nzeru za Sophists inakhala maziko a pafupifupi onse nzeru ano.

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za Sophists chinali pakati pa ziphunzitso zawo, iwo nthawi zonse mu malo oyamba munthu. Anthropocentrism mosakayikira maziko a ziphunzitso zawo monga iwo ankaganiza kuti chinthu chilichonse mu amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana kugwirizana ndi munthu.

Mbali ina yofunika ya Sophists anali subjectivity ndi relativity la chidziwitso chonse chifukwa, monga asayansi amati nthawi imeneyo, nzeru zonse, lingaliro kapena ziyenera akhoza kufunsidwa, ngati ife tiyang'ana pa izo kuchokera ku mbali yina. Zitsanzo za imadalira nzeru angapezeke lonse la Sophists. Izi mwangwiro chikusonyeza odziwika bwino mawu a Protagoras: "Man - ndi muyeso wa zinthu zonse", chifukwa ndi mmene anthu osalingalira, ndipo zimadalira mmene adazindikira mwa iwo. Socrates payekha makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, Parmenides chidwi ndi ndondomeko ya mumayesto zinthu, ndipo Protagoras kulimbikitsa mfundo zoti zonse mu dziko lino ayesedwa mwa prism cha zofuna ndi zolinga za munthuyo. Anthropologism ndi imadalira wa Sophists nzeru anapeza chitukuko mu nyengo wotsatira mbiri.

Development wa imadalira pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana mbiri

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mfundo imadalira, kupangidwa mu Greece wakale, makamaka khama la Sophists. Kenako mfundo imeneyi akudutsa ndi wosakhazikika imene nzeru zonse ndi m'maganizo, monga amaonedwa malinga mbiri mapangidwe ndondomeko chidziwitso. Malinga ndi izi, zinthu zonse wonyenga palokha.

relativity mfundo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito zaka 16-17th monga maziko podzudzula dogmatism. Makamaka, chidachitika ndi Erazm Rotterdamsky, Bayle, Montaigne ndi ena. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati maziko imadalira idealist empiricism, ndipo analinso maziko metaphysics. M'kupita kwa nthawi, pali zitsanzo zina za nzeru za imadalira, omwe anakhala malangizo osiyana.

epistemological imadalira

Epistemology, kapena kudziwa - Kodi maziko a relativity. Epistemological imadalira nthanthi - kusiyiratu wathunthu wa lingaliro kudziwa kuti akhoza kukula ndi kukhala. kudziwa ndondomeko akufotokozedwa ngati, amene amadalira pa zinthu zina: zofuna zamoyo munthu, maganizo ndi chikhalidwe maganizo, pamaso pa njira ongolankhula ntchito mawonekedwe zomveka neri Al.

Popeza kuti chitukuko cha chidziwitso iliyonse siteji ya relativists kuona ngati umboni waukulu Bodza ake ndi inaccuracy, chifukwa nzeru sangasinthe ndi kukula, iwo ayenera kukhala lomveka ndi khola. Apa tikutengegeredwa ku kukana kuthekera Kudziwa ambiri, komanso kumaliza chakuti n'zosatheka kum'dziŵa Mlengi.

imadalira thupi

relativity mfundo lili ntchito m'dera osati nzeru ndi zaumunthu ndi sayansi chikhalidwe, komanso sayansi kwadzidzidzi zimango. Pankhaniyi, mfundo ndi kuti pakufunika kupendanso maganizo lonse okonzera chakale, monga nthawi, misa, kanthu, malo ndi ena.

Mosapatuka kumasulira mfundo imeneyi, Einstein anayambitsa mawu akuti "amatsata", limene limafotokoza munthu amene amagwira ntchito ndi ena zinthu zotengera malingaliridwe. Mu nkhani iyi, njira yophunzirira chinthu ichi ndi kutanthauzira zenizeni zimadalira maganizo zotengera malingaliridwe a amatsata lapansi.

zokongoletsa imadalira

Zokongoletsa imadalira nthanthi - ichi ndi chofunikira, amene choyamba anaonekera mu Ages Middle. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa Vitelon izi. Ntchito yake, anali ndi chidwi ndi maganizo kukongola kwa mfundo maganizo view. Iye anati mfundo kukongola pa dzanja limodzi zimasintha kwambiri, ndi pa dzanja ena ali ndi kukhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, iye ananena kuti Asilamu otchedwa a Moor amakonda mtundu wina, pamene Scandinavians zosiyana. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti zimatengera pa maphunziro a makhalidwe ndi za chilengedwe zimene munthu anakulira.

Pokambirana Vitelon anabwera imadalira, thangwi iye atawira kuti wangwiro ndi wachibale. Chinthu chodabwitsa kwa ena, osati kwa ena, ndipo ali ndi zifukwa zina zotengera malingaliridwe. Komanso, kodi munthu wapeza wokongola, anaona zoopsa ndi nthawi. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi mavuto ambiri osiyana ndi maudindo.

Moral (koyenela) relativity

Makhalidwe imadalira nthanthi - izi ndi mfundo yakuti zabwino kapena zoipa mawonekedwe ake mtheradi kulibe mfundo. Iwo wokanayo malamulo alionse abwino ndiponso kuli i aliwonse okhudza mfundo kuti makhalidwe abwino ngati makhalidwe oipa. Ena anzeru kuona mfundo ya imadalira makhalidwe monga kulekerera, pamene ena amaona kuti msonkhano kutanthauzira zabwino ndi zoipa. Lamulo imadalira nthanthi - ichi ndi chofunikira, lomwe limasonyeza makonzedwe malamulo abwino mogwirizana ndi mfundo zabwino ndi zoipa. Malinga ndi ichi, panthawi zosiyanasiyana, m'mikhalidwe yosiyana ndi madera osiyana ndi maganizo omwewo a makhalidwe abwino silingakhoze kokha zikugwirizana, komanso kwathunthu zimatsutsana. makhalidwe aliwonse ndi wachibale chifukwa choona kuti ndi zabwino kwambiri ndi zoipa.

imadalira chikhalidwe

Cultural imadalira nthanthi - ichi ndi chofunikira, chomwe chakuti dongosolo lililonse la chikhalidwe kuwunika adakana onse, ndi zikhalidwe zonse amaonedwa kukhala ofanana kwambiri. malangizowo chinaikidwa från Boas. Mwachitsanzo, wolemba amagwiritsa ntchito American ndi European chikhalidwe, amene amalowerera mfundo zawo ndi makhalidwe awo pa maiko ena.

Cultural imadalira nthanthi -. Ndi mfundo zomwe amaona siyana monga monogamy ndi mitala, kutchuka chikhalidwe, maudindo, miyambo, makhalidwe, ndi zina chikhalidwe amadalira malo okhala, chipembedzo ndi zinthu zina. mfundo zonse za chikhalidwe akhoza ngati mbali ya munthu amene anakulira mu chikhalidwe ichi, ndi kwa munthu amene anakulira chikhalidwe. Pankhani chikhalidwe chomwecho ngati kukhala zosiyana. Pa nthawi yomweyo umagwira yofunika anthropologism monga makamaka munthu waima pa malo m'mayiko onse.

anthropologism

Anthropologism - ndi mfundo za anthu, zomwe zimaoneka ngati makiyi gulu mfundo za "munthu." Anthu ndi malo siyana monga mamvekedwe, chikhalidwe, anthu, anthu, chikhalidwe ndi ena. Anthropologism mfundo anaonekera chitukuko choyamba, koma pachimake inafalitsidwa mu pa 18 21 zaka.

Mu masiku ano nzeru anthropologism akuyesa kunena umodzi wa njira za sayansi ndi nzeru zaumunthu pa mfundo yonena za "munthu." Anthropologism alipo pafupifupi sayansi onse amakono kufufuza mbali zosiyanasiyana za munthu. Makamaka bwino mfundo imeneyi imatengedwa mu anthropologism nthanthi amene amayesetsa kumvetsa bwino mfundo za "munthu."

Anthropocentrism - maziko anthropologism

Maziko anthropologism ndi anthropocentrism, malinga ndi zimene munthu - ndi likulu la zonse. M'malomwake, iye anthropologism amene nthawi ikufotokoza ndicho kwachilengedwenso wa munthu, anthropocentrism chidwi chikhalidwe chake chikhalidwe.

Malinga anthropocentrism, munthu ndicho maziko a kufunsitsa onse aumunthu. Akatswiri ambiri ngakhale kwambiri mfundo nzeru imatengedwa ngati kufunafuna ndi kuzindikira anthu a bytya awo komanso moyo. Choncho kudzera chikhalidwe cha munthu, chikhalidwe chake ndi tsogolo tingaone pafupifupi mavuto onse nthanthi zimene zimachitika lothandiza aliyense wa m'mbiri.

Mbiri chitukuko anthropologism

Anthropologism makamaka chibadidwe chikhalidwe European, koma ambiri mfundo zake angapezeke kummawa. Koma chiyambi cha malangizo, ndiye malo awa Mosakayika kalekale. Yaikulu ya pano limabweretsa Socrates, Protagoras, Plato, ndi ena. Chidwi apatsidwe ntchito za Aristotle, amene wafufuza kwambiri mwa mfundo thupi ndiponso maganizo zokhudza anthu.

Mu njira ina anthu kuperekedwa mu kutanthauzira Mkhristu. Man kuoneka ngati kachisi, lomwe lili ndi amaonekera kwa Mlengi. Apa, popanda anthropocentrism, palinso Theocentricism, mu mtima wa worldview ndi Mulungu. Nthawi imeneyi, mu malo oyamba pali moyo wa munthu, makhalidwe ndi mtima wake.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano kumabweretsa mfundo za umunthu, omwe ndi osiyana ndi amene Mulungu anamugwiritsa ntchito Ages Middle. Umunthu liyamba zochokera kumvetsa nzeru zaumunthu wa munthu ndi ufulu wa munthu. 17-18 anzeru m'ma nkhawa ndi chikhalidwe cha munthu, tsogolo lake, malo ake mu dziko lino. Chenicheni anayesa kudziwa munthu kudzera mwa sayansi yeniyeni ndi kulingalira. Ichi chidachitika ndi Rousseau, Voltaire, Diderot ndi ena.

nyengo wotsatira anayamba kuonanso njira zambiri akamabadwa. Anthropologism ali lotengeka ndi nzeru za Feuerbach, Marx, Kierkegaard, ndi Scheler. Chibwenzi anthropologism Zatsala maziko a nzeru zamakono ndi malangizo zosiyanasiyana.

Anthropologism ndi imadalira - ndi mfundo za nzeru za makono. mbali zosiyanasiyana za m'madera amenewa pachibwenzi ku nthawi zakale Komabe, iwo simunataye kufunika awo lero.