Baruki Spinoza (1632-1677) - m'tsogolo Benedict Spinoza - woimira kwambiri wa nzeru ano, amakhala ndi kugwira ntchito mu kafukufuku mu Netherlands. Maziko a kufufuza choonadi, kutsutsa ano m'Baibulo ndi mfundo "Ine", tinganene kuti wamkulu rationalist Benedikt Spinoza XVII atumwi.
"Ethics", ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya woganiza, limene akutengera maganizo a Descartes 'dualism wa maganizo ndi thupi, nzeru zapamwamba anabweretsa avomerezedwa ndi maganizo amphamvu kwambiri nzeru za Western. ntchito ndi mwaluso wakuti, omwe adakana ndi maganizo ntchito akale. Hegel analankhula za m'nthawi kuti mwina kuvomereza kuti postulates ndi nzeru za Spinoza, kapena simuli pa akatswiri onse. Ngakhale kuti ntchito zake woganiza anasonyeza kwambiri sayansi talente, kupingasa, ndi kufunika kochita zinthu zake ayesedwa atamwalira nzeru zapamwamba a.
Benedict Spinoza. "Ethics" ndi chiphunzitso cha mankhwala
Amadziwika kuti, kuwonjezera pa sayansi ya anthu, nzeru zapamwamba anali kwambiri chidwi ndi masamu. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ntchito yake yotchuka, anamanga pa mfundo za masamu, monga amaona gwero la masamu okhwima umboni kuti nawonso, kutengapo maganizo zinachitikadi. Kumayambiriro kwa mbali iliyonse ya lonena ndi malingaliro pamoyo, ndipo iwo akutsatiridwa ndi axioms - n'zodziŵika mawu musati amafuna kulungamitsidwa lililonse. Mawu ena ndi ndemanga, ndizo nzeru chachikulu cha ntchito, zochokera mfundo ndi axioms ndi wolungamitsidwa mu ntchito umboni chopita Spinoza.
"Ethics" akuyamba kufotokoza za ubale pakati pa Mulungu ndi chilengedwe - ndipo ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ziwalo zofunika kwambiri. Pachikhalidwe, izo ankakhulupirira kuti Mulungu ali kunja dziko limene analenga izo pazifukwa zina, ndi kuti, ngati n'koyenera, akhoza kulenga chinachake chosiyana - aliyense zinadziwika kuti zinthu umboni. "Mulungu ndi chikhalidwe," - anati Spinoza. nzeru wake pa nkhani kwagona kuti zonse zimene m'chilengedwe chonse yunifolomu ndi wopandamalire mankhwala, zomwe lagawidwa kulenga chilengedwe. Choncho, chinthu kulenga Mulungu, ndi zinthu zina zonse ndi zolengedwa - wake "Modus", thunthu analenga. modes variable ndi kumene amadalira kwathunthu chifukwa chake - Mulungu, amene cheni wamumtima.
Mu dziko palibe mwayi, anamaliza Spinoza. "Ethics" postulates mwayi kuti uli kokha chizindikiro cha phunziro ndi mankhwala khalidwe - pamoyo mkati linakhalapo. Wafilosofi anali wothandiza wa Determinism molimbika: zochitika zonse ndi chifukwa ngakhale okhudza mtima. Choncho, Spinoza amanena kuti polenga zinthu linaikidwa ndi sanali kuchita chifuniro. Komabe, nzeru zapamwamba kuziganizira yekha kuti kuli Mulungu. Iye anali wotsimikiza kuti olakwika ponena za tanthauzo lenileni la Mulungu - umbuli ndi chipembedzo choona iyenera kumangidwa pamaziko a makhalidwe ndi chidziwitso, monga sayansi.