The nzeru za Greece ndi khalidwe lake la m'nyengo yoyambirira

Chiyambi cha nzeru ku Greece chikuchitika mu nthawi ya pakati pa VIII ndi VI zaka BC. Panthawiyo, Greece akukumana ndi nyengo ya kulamulira, kapena apoitizatsii (apoitiya - gawo kunja kwa polis Greek, pafupifupi osadalira pa mzinda wa). danga lalikulu monga Malaya Aziya ndi Graecia Magna (Italy) kuposa pa dera la kubadwa kwake Greek ndi wafunsira, anthu oyamba, chifukwa nzeru Aatene kuti chachiwiri, chinthu wotsatira mu chitukuko cha Agiriki. Pa dziko la Agiriki akale kwambiri motengera kapangidwe ka moyo mu mfundo ndi mtundu tingachipeze powerenga za ukapolo. Ndi kuli yotsirizira ku Greece unachita yaikulu mu gulu la ntchito, ndipo analola monga Chichewa anaona komabe, ndi stratum ena a anthu kuthana yekha ndi sayansi ndi chikhalidwe.

Choncho, nzeru za Greece wakale ali kulunjika ena poyerekezera ndi nzeru yamakono ya East wakale. Choyamba, kuchokera pa nthawi ya Pythagoras, izo amadziŵika monga chilango osiyana, ndi kuchokera Aristotle kumayendera ndi sayansi, rationalism losiyana kudzalekanitsa wotuluka chipembedzo. Mu nthawi imene ulamuliro amakhala maziko a sayansi monga mbiri, mankhwala ndi masamu. Waukulu "Mutu" ndi chimake cha yabwino ya maphunziro a nzeru wakale Greek (komanso chikhalidwe) ndi "Callosa agathos Kai" - kugwirizana za kukongola ndi thanzi ndi ungwiro wauzimu.

Philosophy ku Greece wakale inafunsa mfundo ziwiri zazikulu - ndi maphunziro azachilengedwe ndi epistemology, monga ulamuliro, ankatsutsa mfundo chifukwa ndi ntchito (yotsirizira imatengedwa ntchito chachiwiri, "m'munsi" kalasi, monga kuyenera amalingalira wangwiro). Ancient nzeru za Agiriki chili kachitidwe ngati methodological monga akamabadwa ndi dialectical. Nayenso anaphunzira zambiri za magawo a wakale nzeru kum'mawa, makamaka Egypt, ndi kuwalowetsa poto-European nthanthi nkhani. nzeru oyambirira Greece wakale lagawidwa Mmasiku awiri - chake chachikale chinkawavuta ndi chisanadze Socratic.

The nzeru za Greece wakale mu nthawi chachikale chinkawavuta amakhala cosmocentrism mifopoeticheskih ntchito imene alakatuli epic tafotokozeramu zikamera wa dziko ndi asilikali ake galimoto ku mafano m'nthano. Homer systematized Zikhulupiriro Zabodza nalemekeza makhalidwe amunamuna ndi Hesiod ophatikizidwa mbiri ya chiyambi cha dziko mu kanjedza chisokonezeko, Gaia, Eros ndi milungu ina. Iye anali mmodzi wa mtundu woyamba zolembalemba anapereka kwa nthano ya "zaka golide", pamene chilungamo ndi ntchito ofunika, nayamba amadandaula za tsogolo la chi "Iron Age," ulamuliro wa nkhonya, nthawi imene mphamvu zinagwira kumanja. Pachikhalidwe, akukhulupirira kuti ntchito yaikulu mu mapangidwe ganizo nthanthi ya nthawi unachita otchedwa "anzeru zisanu ndi ziwiri" amene anasiya mawu wanzeru kapena "gnomes" anadzipereka makhalidwe abwino monga kuwunikidwa ndi mogwirizana.

Mu nthawi chisanadze Socratic, nzeru za Greece amakhala ndi kukhalapo kwa angapo nthanthi sukulu. Milesian sukulu nzeru za masoka amadziwika pragmatism, chilakolako kuyang'ana mfundo limodzi ndi woyamba asayansi atulukira, monga zida zakuthambo, mapu, sundials. Pafupifupi anthu onse a anthu ake anabwera kwa kalasi wamalonda. Choncho, Thales anaphunzira kadamsana dzuwa ankaona zinthu loyamba la madzi onse, Anaximander ndi mlengi wa mapu Lapansi ndi zitsanzo za dera m'mwamba, ndi zinthu woyamba amatchedwa "apeiron" - wopanda makhalidwe a nkhani primordial, amene amatsutsana chimabweretsa zikamera wa dziko, ndipo wophunzira wake Anaximenes ankakhulupirira kuti chifukwa umodzi wa onse ndi mpweya. Wotchuka nthumwi ya sukulu ya Efeso Heraclitus ndi dzina olira. Iye anayika patsogolo mfundo yakuti dziko sichinapangidwe ndi aliyense, koma mwa uthunthu wake ndi moto, ndiye zinayambira, ndiye kuchepa mphamvu, ndipo ankanena kuti ngati tiphunzira ndi thandizo la kuzindikira, maziko a nzeru zathu ndi chizindikiro.

The nzeru za Greece wakale ankaimira Eleatic ndi sukulu Zogona, potengera magulu ena ochepa. Mosiyana ndi Milesians, Eleatics - olemekezeka mwa kubadwa. Akuti, iwo amakonda ndondomeko ya dongosolo, ndi osawerengeka - muyeso.

Xenophanes wa Colophon anadzudzula zithunzi m'nthano ya milungu, ndipo anapereka kugawana zinthu ndi n'zopanda. Parmenides wa Elea ndi maganizo ake ndipo ananena kuti tikudziwa mmene akuoneka ndi zinthu - maganizo. Choncho, wololera munthu kanthu kulibe, chifukwa ganizo lililonse timaganiza - ndi lingaliro la kukhala. m'malo mwake Zeno anafotokoza malo a mbuye wake ndi thandizo la wotchuka paradoxes-paradoxes.

sukulu Zogona amadziwika anzeru ngati ovuta kuwamvetsa monga Pythagoras, amene akufuna kuphunzira manambala ndi kugwirizana awo lachinsinsi ndi dziko ndipo anasiya chiphunzitso chinsinsi. No zochepa chidwi anali nzeru zapamwamba Empedocles wa Sicily ndi mzinda Agregenta. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo onse, iye ankakhulupirira anayi chabe zinthu - madzi, moto, mpweya ndi dziko lapansi, ndi awiri mfundo yogwira - chikondi ndi chidani, ndi m'dziko lake nzeru zaumunthu, kuyesera kuti kuphatikiza pa Parmenides ndi Heraclitus. Kenako chakale nzeru za Agiriki, makamaka zochokera anapezazo yake pa maganizo a anthu anzeru Italy.