Benito Mussolini: yonena, ndale, banja. masiku kiyi ndi zochitika m'moyo wake

Lopondereza mtsogoleri Benito Mussolini kwa zaka 21 analamulira Italy ngati Nduna opondereza. Kukhala mwana kovuta kuyambira ali anakalamba wosamvera ndiponso zachiwawa. Bucha, wotchedwa Mussolini anapanga ntchito yake mu Italy Socialist Party. Kenaka achotsedwa m'gulu thandizo la nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Kenako anapanga Nazi Party kumanganso Italy ndi mphamvu amphamvu European.

Pambuyo pa March pa Rome mu October 1922, Benito amakhala Nduna ndi pang'onopang'ono wawononga chitsutso zandale. Iwo analimbitsa ake kupyola mu mndandanda wa malamulo natembenukira Italy mu boma chipani chimodzi chokha. Anakhalabe mphamvu mpaka 1943, mpaka unagonjetsedwa. Kenako anakhala mtsogoleri wa Italy Social Republic, amene anali wolungama kumpoto kwa boma kuti Hitler inatheka mtima wonse. Positi unachitikira mpaka 1945.

Tiyeni tiphunzire zambiri za munthu ichi ndi eccentric, Mussolini, amene yonena ndi chidwi kwambiri.

zaka zoyambirira

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini anabadwa mu 1883 m'mudzi wa Varano Di (chigawo cha Forlì-Chizena, Italy) Kosta. Dzina lake polemekeza pulezidenti Mexico Benito Juárez, ndi dzina lachiwiri ndi dzina pakati anapatsidwa kwa iye Kuzindikila Nazi Italy Andrea Costa ndi Amilcare Tsipriani. atate wake, Alessandro, anali wosula ndi zokomera mokhudza, amene anapereka zambiri ufulu nthawi mfundo wake, ndi kupeza ndalama ntchito pa mistresses. mayi ake, Rosa, anali Mkatolika ndipo mphunzitsi.

Benito - mwana wamkulu wa ana a banja atatu. Ngakhale kuti iye adzakhala wogwira moyo lalikulu la zaka mazana makumi awiri, anayamba kulankhula mochedwa kwambiri. Mu unyamata wake, iye anagunda anthu ambiri ndi zochitachita maganizo, koma pa nthawi yomweyo anali moyipa opanduka ndi Moody. bambo ake anam'phunzitsa kumulakalaka ndale zokomera ndi kusamvera olamulira. Mussolini kangapo anachotsedwa sukulu, kunyalanyaza malamulo a mwambo ndi dongosolo. Mmodzi anavutika ndi mnyamata wamkulu, Mussolini (yonena kuti iye si ndikuonetseni chiwawa anthu). Komabe, iye anakwanitsa kufika kalata kuphunzitsa 1901, pambuyo pake anakhala ntchito mu zapaderazi awo.

Kumulakalaka sosholisimu Mussolini. Wambiri ndi moyo

Mu 1902, Benito anasamukira ku Switzerland, kukhala kayendedwe zokomera. Mwamsanga atadziwika bwino monga apamwamba chidwi. Ndinaphunzira English ndi German. sachita ziwonetsera chidwi kwa akuluakulu Swiss, ichi ndi chifukwa chake, ndipo anathamangitsidwa m'dzikolo.

Mu 1904, Benito anabwerera ku Italy, kumene anapitiriza kulimbikitsa Socialist Party. Kwa miyezi ingapo, iye wakhala atamangidwa kupeza ndani malingaliro a Mussolini. Atatuluka, anakhala mkonzi wa nyuzipepala Avanti (kutanthauza "patsogolo"). Zimenezi zinkathandiza kuti kuonjezera mphamvu zake pa anthu Italy. Mu 1915, anakwatira mopupuluma Gaydi. Patapita nthawi, anabereka ana asanu Benito.

Zosagwirizana ndi sosholisimu

Mussolini natsutsa Italy mu First World nkhondo. Koma posakhalitsa ndinazindikira kuti anali ndi mwayi wawukulu kwa dziko lake kukhala wamphamvu. Kusiyana maganizo zachititsa kuti tasiya Benito ndi Nazi zina, ndipo posakhalitsa anachotsedwa gulu.

Mu 1915 anakhala mbali ya asilikali Italy ndi kumenyana pa mizere kutsogolo. Mulingo wa ogwirika anachotsedwa usilikali.

Nkhondo itatha, Mussolini adapitiriza ntchito zake zandale, kutsutsa boma la Italy chizindikiro cha kufooka pa kusaina Pangano la Versailles. Iye analenga nyuzipepala lake Milan - Il Popolo d'Italia. Ndipo mu 1919, anapanga Nazi Party, amene anali umalimbana kulimbana kwa magulu kusasalana ndi kuchirikiza amaganiza mtundu. cholinga chake chachikulu - kupambana chidaliro cha asilikali ndi mafumu. Motero, iye ankafuna kukweza Italy kwa mlingo wa Roma zapitazi yaikulu.

Kodi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Mussolini

Pa kukhumudwa gulu pambuyo akuvutika opanda ntchito za Nkhondo Yaikulu kuti asamakhulupirire yamalamulo ndi maziko a mavuto azachuma ndi nkhondo mkulu chikhalidwe, Mussolini anakonza bloc asilikali linkadziwika kuti "malaya wakuda" amene mantha adani ndale ndipo athandiza kuchulukitsa chikoka lopondereza. Mu 1922, iye analumphira mu chisokonezeko ndale Italy. Mussolini ananena kuti akhoza kukhazikitsa bata mu dzikoli, ngati iye anapatsidwa mphamvu.

Mfumu Victor Emmanuel III anafunsa Benito kupanga boma. Ndipo mu October 1922, anakhala mtumiki wamng'ono yaikulu mu mbiri ya boma Italy. Iye pang'onopang'ono ankaiphwasula mabungwe onse demokalase. Ndipo mu 1925, adadziyesera yekha wolamulira, Mussolini kutenga mutu, kutanthauza "mtsogoleri".

Policy azichepetsa

Iye anagwira ntchito pulogalamu kwambiri pa ntchito kuchepetsa ulova. Choncho Mussolini kusintha anali wopambana kwambiri. Iye anasintha dziko ndale ndi opondereza mphamvu zomwe anali Grand Bungwe la Fascism, mothandizidwa ndi chitetezo cha dziko.

Pambuyo kuchotsa yamalamulo Benito maziko a Komiti ya Fasci ndi mabungwe ndi uphungu ndi chosavuta. Monga mbali ya boma la mgwirizano olemba ntchito anzawo ndi ogwira ntchito inakonzedwa mu maphwando ankalamulira woimira kumabungwe osiyanasiyana chuma. yothandiza wakula kwambiri, koma linathetsedwa lamanja kukapha.

Mussolini boma amachepetsa chikoka cha zamalamulo, mwamphamvu akulamulira ufulu uyambe, atagwira otsutsa ndale. Pambuyo angapo akuyesetsa pa moyo wake (mu 1925 ndipo 1926) Benito kuletsedwa maphwando chitsutso, amatulutsa anthu oposa 100 a nyumba ya malamulo, kubwezeretsa chilango cha imfa milandu ndale, amapha likhale chisankho m'deralo ndi kuonjezera mphamvu ya apolisi. Choncho Fascism wa Mussolini anagwirizana mphamvu.

Mu 1929, iye anasaina Lateran pangano ndi Vatican, pambuyo imene inatha mkangano Mpingo ndi Chitaliyana boma.

zochuluka asilikali

Mu 1935, kumusonyeza ndi mphamvu ya ulamuliro wake, Mussolini anawukira Ethiopia kuphwanya malangizo a League of Nations. Bwino Ethiopiya zida sakanakhoza kukana akasinja masiku ano ndege ku Italy, ndipo likulu la Addis Ababa mwamsanga anagonjetsa. Benito anakhazikitsidwa mu Ethiopia latsopano ufumu Italy.

Mu 1939, iye akutumiza asilikali Spain kuthandiza Francisco Franco ndi achifasizimu m'dera pa Civil nkhondo. Kotero iye ankafuna kuchita zambiri kukopa kwake.

Germany Union

Chidwi Kupambana kwa asilikali a ku Italy, Adolf Hitler (German wolamulira) anafuna kukhazikitsa kugwirizana ndi Mussolini. Benito, nayenso, nakantha ntchito wanzeru andale a Hitler ndi kupambana kwake posachedwapa ndale. Ndi 1939, mayiko awiri anasaina mgwirizano asilikali chikudziwika ngati pangano la Zitsulo.

Mussolini ndi Hitler anali oyera mu Italy, chilango Ayuda onse. Ndipo kuyambira chiyambi cha Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, mu 1940, asilikali Italy litalanda Greece. Kenako ndinalowa Germany mu gulu la Yugoslavia, nkhondo ya Soviet Union ndi chilengezo cha nkhondo pa America.

Italy ambiri sizigwirizana mgwirizano ndi Germany. Koma kulowa Hitler ku Poland ndi zosemphana ndi Britain ndi France anatsogolera Italy kutenga mbali Nkhondo motero kusonyeza zolakwika onse ankhondo ake. Greece ndipo Africa North posachedwa atathamangitsidwa Italy. Only alowererepo German mu 1941 akuzisunga Mussolini ndi kulanda boma asilikali.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa kuchepa Italy ndi Mussolini

Mu 1942, pa Conference Casablanca , Winston Churchill ndi Franklin D. Roosevelt kukhala dongosolo kubweretsa Italy mwa nkhondo ndi kukakamiza Germany kusuntha asilikali ake pa East Front ndi Russia. mphamvu anagwirizana wotetezedwa kufalikira Sicily ndipo anayamba kusunthira chilumba.

Kukula kuthamanga amakakamizidwa Mussolini m'tchalitchichi. Pambuyo pake, iye anamangidwa, koma German mphamvu yapadera posachedwa Spas Benito. Iye anasamukira ku dziko la Italy, amene anali akadali kulamulidwa ndi Germany, poganiza kuti abwezeretse mphamvu akale.

Kuphedwa pagulu

June 4, 1944, Rome anamasulidwa ndi asilikali anagwirizana kuti anatenga ulamuliro wa boma lonse. Mussolini ndi mbuye wake, Clara Petacci, anayesa kuthawira Switzerland, koma anagwidwa April 27, 1945. Iwo anaphedwa tsiku lotsatira pafupi ndi tauni ya Dongo. matupi awo Anapachikidwa mu lalikulu Milan. anthu Italy sanali kufotokoza chisoni aliyense imfa ya Benito. Ndipotu, analonjeza kuti anthu "Roma ulemerero", koma megalomania wake wagonjetsedwa lolingalira, chimene chinapangitsa boma kuti nkhondo ndi umphawi.

Poyamba Mussolini anaikidwa kumanda Musocco ku Milan. Koma mu August 1957, iye kachiwiri m'manda ku crypt pafupi Varano Di Kosta.

Chikhulupiriro ndi zokonda

Monga mnyamata, Mussolini ananena kuti kuli Mulungu, ndipo anafuna ngakhale kangapo kudabwitsa omvera, nuyitane pa Mulungu kumupha yomweyo. Iye anadzudzula Socialists, amene anali kuloleza chipembedzo. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti sayansi watsimikizira kuti palibe Mulungu, ndi chipembedzo - matenda a m'maganizo, ndi mlandu Chikhristu ya chinyengo ndi mantha. Malingaliro a Mussolini makamaka inkakhala ku kutsutsa Katolika.

Benito kuonera wa Fridriha Nitsshe. Denis Mack Smith ananena kuti iye anapeza kulungamitsa wake "Kampeni" ndi makhalidwe abwino achikhristu a chikondi ndi kukoma mtima. Iye wofunika kwambiri mfundo zake Chitsulo lapansi. Pa tsiku la kubadwa kwake 60 adalandira mphatso kwa Hitler - Kutolere wathunthu ntchito za Nietzsche.

moyo

Kwa nthawi yoyamba Benito anakwatira Ida Dalser mu Trento mu 1914. Patapita chaka chimodzi, banjalo mwana wotchedwa Benito Albino Mussolini. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti ukwati wake woyamba, mfundo zonse wawonongedwa ndi mkazi wake ndi mwana posakhalitsa pansi kuvutitsidwa kwambiri.

Mu December 1915, anakwatira mopupuluma Gaydi, amene anali mbuye wake kuyambira 1910. Mu banja, iwo anali ndi ana aakazi awiri ndi ana atatu, Ed (1910-1995 gg.) Ndipo Anna Maria (1929-1968 gg.), Vittorio (1916-1997 gg.), Bruno (1918-1941 gg.) Ndipo Romano (1927-2006 gg.).

Mussolini anali mistresses pang'ono, pakati pawo - Margherita Sarfatti ndi chibwenzi chake atsopano - Clara Petacci.

cholowa

Mwana wachitatu wa Mussolini, Bruno, anamwalira pa ngozi ndege pa ndege pa yoponya mabomba R.108 mayeso ntchito August 7, 1941.

mwana wake wamkulu pambuyo akuvutitsidwa chiwawa anaphedwa August 26, 1942.

Mlongo Sofi Loren, Anna Maria Skikolone, anakwatira Romano Mussolini. mdzukulu wake, Alessandra Mussolini, anali membala wa Nyumba ya Malamulo ku Ulaya, ndipo panopa mu Komiti ya akuluakulu monga chiwalo cha anthu ufulu.

Mussolini National lopondereza Party inaletsedwa ku unawonongedwa Italy Constitution. Komabe, panali angapo mabungwe Wachiwiri-Nazi, kupitiriza ntchito ya Benito. Wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa iwo - Italy Social Movement, chimene chinafika mpaka 1995. Koma posakhalitsa anasintha dzina lake ku Alliance National ndi ukasintha wosiyana Fascism.

Choncho, tinganene kuti: amphamvu, wokhala chigonjetso, wamisala ndipo wotentheka anali Benito Mussolini. mbiri yake kukwapula akuluakulu chonyezimira ndi zotsika mwankhanza. Iye anali mtsogoleri wa boma Italy kuyambira mu 1922 mpaka 1943. Iye anakhala woyambitsa wa Fascism ku Italy. Mu ulamuliro wake opondereza ndi sankalimbana nafe ntchito kwa anthu awo. Iye anatsogolera mtundu wa nkhondo atatu, m'masiku otsiriza chimene unagonjetsedwa.

Zochokera tsopano aliyense akhoza kuphunzira mfundo zimenezi, kodi ndi malingaliro a Mussolini ndi momwe iye anali munthu.