Chabwino Art wa Islam

Luso la Islam - ndi mtundu wa luso, makamaka m'mayiko a chipembedzo cha boma anali Islam. Mu mbali yake yaikulu, izo anatuluka pa Ages Middle. Zinali ndiye kuti mayiko Arab ndi m'madera Islam anabadwa, anapanga zopereka zikuluzikulu chitukuko dziko. The mtima kwambiri luso Chisilamu, m'maganizo ake ndi miyambo zinatha iye kupitirira nthawi ndi malo ndi kukhala gawo la cholowa chilengedwe.

nkhani

chikhalidwe cha Chisilamu ali anatuluka ngati chodabwitsa mu chiwiri m'ma AD. Koma mfundo za chipembedzo zimene zili azamulungu ake ndi ambiri akubwera kuchokera kutanthauzira kwa Torah analetsa zithunzi za zamoyo. Ngakhale malamulo kwambiri nkhawa sikutheka kukhazikitsa mu chithunzi kapena chosema cha Mulungu (Allah). Choncho, pamene chipembedzo ichi kufalitsa ku chipululu Arabia kum'mawa, monga momwe India, ndipo anakumana ndi chikhalidwe chawo, ndi woyamba ankawachitira zoipa. Choyamba, Islam imatengedwa luso mayiko ena, achikunja, ndipo, kachiwiri, iwo ankalamulidwa ndi zifanizo za milungu yosiyanasiyana, ndi nyama. Koma pa nthawi, chikhalidwe Muslim akadali odzipereka mfundo zina za luso, reworked iwo ndi kulenga kalembedwe anu ndi malamulo. Choncho ananyamuka luso la Islam. Komanso, monga masikolala Muslim mu dera lililonse lili ndi makhalidwe komanso chikhalidwe wakhala amadalira dziko ndi miyambo.

mbali khalidwe la luso labwino la Islam

Choyamba, kunsonga kwa chikhalidwe anayamba kupanga pa zomangamanga ndi chokongoletsera. Izo zinali zochokera m'miyambo Byzantine, Aiguputo ndi Persian luso la nthawi chisanadze Chisilamu. M'mayiko ena, ndi kuletsa analalikira za anthu ndi nyama ankavala ephemeral kwambiri m'chilengedwe, monga mu Iran. Kenako ananyamuka luso la chisilamu ndipo mitundu pulasitiki luso. yodziwika ndi ntchito yomanga nyumba ndi domes lalikulu chikhalidwe Muslim, zambiri chidwi linaperekedwa kwa zojambula mkati, Zithunzi ndipo mkati, osati maonekedwe, kuwala ndi wolemera mitundu, chosokonekera, ndipo kuli arabesque ndi, otchedwa mukarnasov. Mmusi mu mawonekedwe a uchi, ndi zigwa ambiri ndi matendawa,.

mitundu

art Chisilamu ndi yayikulu chitukuko wakhala m'munda wa zomangamanga. Kalembedwe izi zinamangidwa osati nyumba zachipembedzo, monga mizikiti kapena madrassas, komanso nyumba yakale. Za mtundu wina wofunika kwambiri luso limeneli ndi Zilembozo zinkasonyeza, amene anatisiyira cholowa wolemera nyimbo yokongola. Mu Iran ndi Muslim India, ambiri chonchi kawirikawiri mitundu luso la Islam, monga kupenta ndi kakang'ono. Ndipo pafupifupi m'mayiko onse kumene chipembedzo chimenechi ankati, yapangidwa ofala mitundu ntchito zilandiridwenso ngati kuluka makalapeti ndi ulimi wa ziwiya zadothi.

zomangamanga

Anaganiza kuonetsetsa ngati luso lalikulu la Islam kudera - kalembedwe Aigupto, Chitata, Moor ndi Ottoman. Mtundu wina wa zomangamanga amaonedwa sekondale kapena anachokera ku pakati. Asilamu apanga malamulo awo omwe ntchito yomanga ndi chokongoletsera nyumba, pamene Islam chipembedzo boma m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, chiwerengero cha olambira kuchuluka, ndipo misonkhano yawo anafunika kumanga mzikiti. Poyamba, mapulani anapita ku zofuna zinchito. Ndiko kuti, mzikiti anali chipinda zofunika kumene anthu amasonkhana, ndi mihrab (kagawo kakang'ono akukumana Mecca), minbar (guwa), pabwalo ndi arcades, madzi ankasamba mwamwambo mwambo, ndi minarets, kuyambira kumene kuli kuyitana kwa pemphero. Pakuti akachisi yoyamba monga Dome wa Rock (Jerusalem, wachisanu ndi chiwiri m'ma AD). Pakati pake penipeni, ndi octagon ndipo mkati mwa bwalo ndi tambirimbiri. Kuwonjezera mizikiti ndi achipembedzo sukulu - madrassas - mbali Muslim pokha ndi nyumba osiyana onse. Kweni-kweni caravansaries (alendo) hammams (kusamba), misika m'nyumba.

Mayiko ndi zigawo

art Chisilamu wapeza chitukuko mu kalembedwe Aigupto zomangamanga. Zitsanzo ndi Mosque Ibn Tuluna (m'ma chinayi) ndi Hassan Sultan (m'ma 14) mu Cairo. akachisi izi kuganiza mphamvu, ndi kukula chidwi. Iwo anaphimba ndi zolemba zosamvetsetseka zithunzi, ndipo malinga awo ornamented ndi arabesques, ndiko kuti, stylized geometrical ndi zomera zinthu. Chotero zokongoletsa mobwerezabwereza kuti kudzaza voids onse limaimira mfundo akatswiri a maphunziro achisilamu za wosatha "nsalu ya chilengedwe chonse." The arches ali mu mawonekedwe mizikiti mzikiti, ndipo anathandiza pa ndime mu mawonekedwe a stalactites. Monga mmene chitsanzo cha aku Iran ndi Asian zomangamanga amatsogolera mausoleum Samadinov mafumu ku Bukhara. The Muslim Persia makamaka ankakonda ntchito pomanga matailosi kumanga mu mawonekedwe a nyenyezi ndi mitanda, amene anaika zosiyanasiyana nyimbo.

Moresque

Chabwino luso la Islam, komanso zomangamanga, anafika pachimake pa ulamuliro wa Aarabu Spain. Mawonetseredwe chidwi kwambiri pa izo angatchedwe Palace ya Alhambra ku Granada. Izi nyumba zapamwamba ndi zosiyanasiyana zipinda molemera chokongoletsedwa ndi maholo atazunguliridwa ndi khoma ndi nsanja ndi linga. Tiyenera mwapadera, otchedwa Myrtle bwalo la zipilala la munthu. Kuyambira inu mukhoza kupita ku holo amithenga, m'nyumba mzikiti. Malinga ndi nthano, pali Granada olamulira anatenga oimira mayiko ena. Wina pabwalo kudziwika ndi Mkango. Iwo otchedwa chifukwa kasupe, umene uli pakati, zochokera ziboliboli 12 Nyama zimenezi. M'bwalo pali zipinda zina zambiri - alongo awiri, Judicial - Kwatha ndi zipinda zapamwamba zithunzi ndi zipinda ndi makonde, pakhonde. Alhambra nyumbayi inali pakati pa minda ndi mabedi maluwa. Kalembedwe zomwezo, ndipo anamanga Great Mosque mu Cordoba (Mezquita).

India

Features luso Chisilamu mwangwiro zopezeka wake umenewu zomangamanga chisilamu monga Taj Mahal. Ndi mankhwala a zaposachedwapa. Zimatanthauza m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ndipo anamanga mkulu wa mkulu wa Chisilamu Mughal mafumu ku India Shah Cihan Choyamba. Kumbali ya dongosolo lino Kadulidwa lalikulu ndi mzikiti pamwamba, ataima pa nsanja yokumba opangidwa ndi nsangalabwi. Mu ngodya za nyumbayi ndi minarets. The mausoleum wamangidwa nsangalabwi zoyera ndi pinki sandstone ndipo chokongoletsedwa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. nyumba nazonso ornamented ndi zolemba golide pa wakuda maziko. Choncho bwino amaima pakati pa thambo ndi greenery. Mkati, ali mkati wolemera, chokongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsa za golide, siliva ndi zokometsera zithunzi.

Turkey

Luso la mayiko Islam mokwanira akuimira mu dziko lino. Poyamba, Turkey anamanga mizikiti awo komanso Aluya. Koma cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, pambuyo kugonjetsa Ufumu wa Byzantine, luso lawo kwambiri kufooketsedwa ndi mamangidwe a ufumu wa iwo adagwira. Ndi mtundu wa mipingo, anayamba kumanga mzikiti wa amakona anayi mawonekedwe, ndi domes ambiri ndi nyumba pafupi, komanso pabwalo - iwan. Maluwa wamkulu wa zomangamanga Turkey mu nthawi ya Ottoman anafika, makamaka ntchito za Sinan. wamanga lakonzedwa namanga nambala yaikulu mizikiti, koma panokha, iye anasankha atatu: awiri Istanbul (Shah-Zadeh ndi Suleymaniye) ndi mmodzi mwa Edirne (Selimiye). nyumba izi zigwire minarets woyengeka, domes yaikulu ndi arches zisonga.

Zilembozo zinkasonyeza

Chabwino luso la Islam amenewa makampani zofunika, monga Muslim kupenta ntchito. Iwo kusanduka kuchokera buku lofotokoza Korani - Mabuku wopatulika. Kenaka anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ulemerero wa mizikiti. kalata imeneyi imatchedwa Arabic script kapena 'Kufic, chifukwa ankakhulupirira kuti ndi chifukwa mzinda uwu aku Iraq. M'mayiko osiyanasiyana Chisilamu, Zilembozo zinkasonyeza anabweretsedwa ku digiri apamwamba ungwiro. Master kwa kalatayi kunali komanso stylist, ndi masamu ndi wojambula. Mitundu ya Zilembozo zinkasonyeza m'mayiko Muslim ngakhale canonized. Mu zaka XV-XVII, mtundu watsopano kulemba - otchedwa China, kumene ovomerezeka cholembedwacho mitundu chimodzi kapena zingapo analenga chithunzi lonse. chida wojambula anali bango cholembera (kalam), iye ochinki njira zomwe alinga kalembedwe. Calligrapher anali kusonyeza kukoma kwanu kudzikondweretsa osati luso elegantly kusonyeza otchulidwa Arabic, komanso chidziwitso cha masamu okhudza malo, komanso chuma cha luso chokongoletsera - zojambula, zomera, zinyama, kapena anthropomorphic.

kakang'ono

Features of Wabwino Tirhana wa Islam lili mu choona kuti salola Mulungu anthropomorphic mu chipembedzo ichi. Choncho, zinthu zaluso anali amachotsedwa m'dera sacral ndi okha chikhalidwe aboma. Koma kufalitsa adalira m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Mu Qur'an, palibe lamulo loletsa mwachindunji analalikira za anthu ndi nyama, koma mu Hadith - miyambo Chisilamu - anadzudzula ngati ali. Kwenikweni kupenta kufalitsa kukongoletsa wamataya ndi buku mafanizo - ankapenta. Kwenikweni, inafalitsidwa chitukuko lake lalikulu ku Iran, Central Asia ndi Indian Mughal Ufumu. Persian ankapenta zochokera zojambula mural wa dziko nyengo Pre-Chisilamu. Iwo kusanduka kuchokera mafanizo buku, koma ojambula zithunzi aku Iran mwamsanga iye ndi mtundu wanyimbo palokha. Iwo apanga kwambiri zithunzi dongosolo limene mtundu, maonekedwe, zikuchokera ndi mawu akhala ophatikizana kulenga limodzi lonse. ojambula zithunzi Persian mwadala ntchito ndege mtundu image, osati atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena. Ngwazi za kupenta izi, monga ulamuliro, ndi idealized ndi moyo mu dziko langwiro. Zokambirana ankapenta zambiri anatumikira laibulale shah, kapena kitabhane. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu kwa kupenta aku Iran anayamba kutengera mphamvu ya umisiri European ndi mwambo.

Tirhana & Timatheriyali: ziwiya zadothi, kuluka

mafakitale izi yapangidwa ku Iran, Azerbaijan, Central Asia, ndi Turkey. Odziwika kwambiri mapulani zoumbaumba. Izo zikhoza unatengera njerwa kapena chosema terracotta. Koma wotchuka kwambiri chinali kuyembekezera nyumba mothandizidwa ndi Mipikisano mtundu utoto majolica. Kuti aipatsa yowoneka bwino ndi kuwala zachifumu kalelo. Koma ziwiya kupenta, pali ntchito za lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito siliva ndi golide zosowa pakhomo. Komabe, mbuye Chisilamu anayesa ziwiya dongo kuwala ndi kuwala. Kuti tichite zimenezi, tinayamba kupanga glaze kutsogolera, ndiponso anayesa kulenga zofanana zadothi Chinese. Choncho kupangidwa enamel m'mofunika cookware ❖ kuyanika, komanso zotsatira golide ndi siliva ulimi wothirira. The makalapeti amakezana anapezeka ku Egypt. Iwo ali m'zaka za m'ma. Kuluka makalapeti kubala litters anabadwa kuchokera kwa pemphero. Mitundu ya luso limeneli anali awiri - zapamwamba pamene dongosolo ndi akalumikidzidwa zojambula kotheratu, ndi zithunzi, ndi zithunzi za kusaka, nkhondo ndi malo. Mtundu yamasika zochepa wamba. Tinapambana wamkulu ulemerero wowala ndi fluffy makalipeti Persian, ndi njira yapadera ya ambuye Turkey.

Mtengo wa luso Chisilamu

Ngakhale kuti tikulankhula za zinthu chikhalidwe cha chipembedzo chinachake, tanthauzo la liwu imafika ku moyo chikhalidwe. Mu dziko Muslim, kupenta, zomangamanga, ndi zina luso kusonyeza kuzindikira anthu wauzimu, mfundo zimene anthu ambiri ali nawo. Mbali yaikulu ya chikhalidwe ndi kufunafuna kukongola, komwe ndi chizindikiro cha umulungu. akalumikidzidwa zojambula zosiyanasiyana monga ciphers kuwulula chinenero cha chilengedwe, ndi kubwereza dongosolo zimasonyeza malire ake. Ntchito luso akuyesera kuchita zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku wokongola. Chikhalidwe cha Chisilamu chili ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa chitukuko cha kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, kuyambira Ages Middle.