Ali Troy? City a Troy - mbiri. Troy pa mapu a makono

A zambiri zaka zambiri, mzinda uwu ndi mbiri opezekamo ake amafufuza zamakezana ndi adventurers chabe. Theka zapitazo, Heinrich Schliemann anali kupeza malo ndi Troy, ndipo mu 1988 chidwi asayansi mzinda lodziwika bwino nauka. Pakali pano, pakhala pali ambiri kufufuza ndipo ndinapeza zigawo zingapo chikhalidwe.

zambiri

Izi kuthetsa Luwian chitukuko, yemwenso amadziwika pansi pa dzina la Ilion, ndi mzinda wakale kuti unali kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Asia Minor, pafupi ndi gombe la nyanja ya Aegean. Ndiko kumene Troy anali pa mapu a dziko lapansi. mzinda anatchuka kwambiri chifukwa epics wa Greek Wolemba wina wakale Homer ndi nthano zambiri ndi nthano, ndipo anamupeza katswiriyo Heinrich Schliemann.

chifukwa chachikulu chimene mzinda wakale angathe kupeza kutchuka ngati ndi Trojan nkhondo ndi zochitika zake zonse m'munsili. Malinga ndi mafotokozedwe a "Iliad", zinali zaka khumi nkhondo, zimene zinachititsa kuti kugwa kwa kukagawira.

Ngalande yoyamba

Pali kungoganizira kuti derali Troy linali lalikulu kwambiri kuposa mmene ankaganizira poyamba. Mu 1992, zofukulidwa kunachitika, zomwe zinachititsa Mipukutu ya ku mtsinje encircling mzinda. chidikha ichi chimatsutsana ndi patali mokwanira kwa mpanda wa mzinda, ozungulira malo pafupifupi 200 thous. M ^2, ngakhale kuti mzindawu amatenga pafupifupi 20 zokha ths. M ^2. German wasayansi Manfred Korfman amakhulupirira kuti limeneli anali wotsika Town, ndipo mpaka 1700 BC. e. pali moyo anthu.

Ngalande yachiwiri

Patapita zaka ziwiri, mu 1994, pa ntchito yomanga ya wachiwiri chongopeka analenga dzenje anatulukira, chomwe chinayamba mu mamita mazana asanu linga. Onse dzenje dongosolo mipanda yolimba kwambiri n'cholinga chofuna kuteteza linga, chifukwa iwo sangathe kugonjetsa mu magaleta ankhondo. Ofukula amakhulupirira kuti kuno wakuthwa pamtengo kapena matabwa khoma. kuphatikana amenewa amafotokozedwa wosafa "Iliad" Koma nkomwe izo tsopano wodalirika monga lonena za mbiri yakale.

Luvians kapena Cretan-Mycenaeans?

Katswiriyo Korfman amakhulupirira kuti Troy ndiye wolowa mwachindunji Anatolia otukuka, ndipo si monga mwawamba, Mycenaean. Dera la makono a Troy lili anapezazo ambiri wovomereza. Koma mu 1995 izo anapeza wapadera opezeka kusindikizidwa ndi zilembo za chinenero Luwian amene kale wamba mu Asia Minor. Koma, mwatsoka, sizinapezekebe apeza zinthu lina limene zikuonetseratu poyera kuti atatu analankhula m'chinenerochi.

Komabe Korfman anali wotsimikiza mwamtheradi kuti Trojans wakale anali mbadwa mwachindunji mitundu ya anthu m'mayiko a ku Ulaya anali Luvians chiyambi. Anthu amene pafupifupi II Millennium BC. e. Anasamukira ku Anatolia. zinthu zambiri zimene anazipeza pa zofukulidwa mu Troy mwachidziwikire a chitukuko ichi makamaka, osati Greek. Pali zifukwa zingapo, natsimikiza kuthekera kopanda ichi. Mu dera limene linali Troy, amatikumbutsa makoma Mycenaean, ndi maonekedwe a nyumba ndi zina ndithu zomangamanga Anatolia.

chipembedzo

Pa m'ndandanda wa zofukulidwa pano anapezeka Mhiti-Lubian mpatuko zinthu. Near pachipata cha kum'mwera anali steles anayi, amene limaimira mulungu wa Mhiti chikhalidwe. Komanso, kumanda, limene lili pafupi makoma, pali zizindikiro za ochimwa. Popeza kuti njira imeneyi m'manda si mmene mitundu Western, koma Ahiti izo anadza kwa iwo, ndi kuphatikiza wina mokomera Korfman chiphunzitso. Komabe, lero zovuta kudziwa mmene zinali kwenikweni.

Troy pa map

Troy chifukwa wagwidwa ali pakati - pakati pa Agiriki ndi Ahiti - zinali zambiri zofunika kuti akhale chipani kuphana ndi. Zonse apa nkhani ya nkhondo, Pamudzi ndi kupha adani onse atsopano. Iwo chatsimikiziridwirapo mwasayansi, monga kumene Troy uli, izo ndizo, pa dera la Turkey ano, kuda moto anapezeka. Koma pa 1180 BC. e. apa panali ngozi, yomwe chinali chiyambi cha nthawi zovuta m'mbiri osati Troy, komanso padziko lonse.

The Trojan nkhondo

Ngati zakale achindunji opezeka pa ntchito yomanga, ndipo inu mukhoza kunena mfundo, zochitika zimene zinachitika m'bwalolo ndale, ndi choonadi pambuyo pawo, akhala funso lofunika. Kusowa mauthenga ndi zambiri ziphunzitso, nthawi zambiri n'kosathandiza ena kuvomereza nthawi zina zimangokhala kuti limene lachititsa nthano zambiri ndi nthano. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi epic lalikulu la wakale Greek woimba Homer, amene asayansi ena chifukwa cha kupanda umboni okonzeka kuganizira umboni, koma nkhondo kunachitika kale kubadwa kwa wolemba ndakatulo, ndi kumene iye anamudziwa iye yekha kuchokera pakamwa ena.

Helen ndi Paris

Malinga ndi nthano, anafotokoza mu "Iliad", chifukwa cha nkhondo mkazi, mkazi wa Mfumu Menelaus - Elena. Troy, amene mbiri iye ankadziwa mavuto ambiri, osati kamodzi anali anaukira ndi Ahelene, ndi kuti nkhondo, monga Trojans anakwanitsa kulamulira asapita malonda mu Dardanelles. Malingana ndi nthano, nkhondo inayamba chifukwa chakuti mmodzi wa ana a Trojan mfumu Priam - Paris - analanda mkazi wa mkulu wa Greek, ndi Ahelene, nayenso anaganiza zobwerera izo.

Ambiri mwina, chochitika zinachitikadi mbiri, koma sanali kokha chifukwa cha nkhondo. Zimenezi anali chimake, kenako, ndipo nkhondo inayambika.

Trojan kavalo

Nthano ina asawononge Troy, akufotokoza nkhani ya mmene Agiriki adakwanitsa kupambana nkhondo. Ngati inu mukukhulupirira magwero zolembalemba, chakhala zotheka chifukwa cha otchedwa Trojan kavalo, koma Baibulo ili, pali mitsutso ambiri. Mu ndakatulo yake yoyamba "The Iliad", kwathunthu wodzipereka kwa Troy, Homer simanena nkhani imeneyi ya nkhondo, ndipo mu "Odyssey" mwatsatanetsatane wake. Kuchokera pamenepa tinganene kuti, osalephera, ndi zopeka, makamaka popeza palibe zinthu zakale ku malo, kumene Troy anapezeka.

Palinso maganizo amene ndi Trojan kavalo Homer anali kuganiza omenyerapo nkhosa, kapena anasonyeza khalidwe la zombo amene anadza kwa kuphedwa kwa luwani.

Chifukwa Troy anawonongedwa

Mbiri ya mzinda, zolembedwa ndi Homer, ananena kuti kuwonongedwa kwa mzinda wotchedwa ndi Trojan kavalo - mphatso zazing'ono za Agiriki. Malinga ndi nthano, Agiriki ananena kuti ngati kavalo adzakhala mu linga la mzinda, ndiye adzakhala kudziteteza ku anawazunza lapansi.

Anthu ambiri anali mu mgwirizano ndi izi, ngakhale kuti wansembe Laocoön anaponya mkondo pa kavalo, kenako zinadziwika kuti dzenje. Koma zikuoneka kuti nzeru za Trojans zowawa, ndi iwo anaganiza kuti mphatso kwa mzinda wa mdani, zimene analangidwa koopsa. Komabe, izi chabe Chapafupi Homer, ndi chodziwikiratu kuti kwenikweni zikuchitika.

multilayer Troy

Pa mapu a makono a mzinda boma mwa dera la phiri Hissarlik ku Turkey. Pa zofukulidwa ambiri midzi angapo akhala anapeza m'deralo, amene anali kuno kalelo. Akatswiriwa anapeza zigawo zisanu ndi zinayi zosiyanasiyana a zaka zosiyana, koma chiwerengero chonse cha nthawi awa akutchedwa Troy.

Kuyambira ndi kuthetsa yoyamba chitetezo anali nsanja ziwiri zokha. Kuphunzira wosanjikiza kachiwiri akuchita Genrih Shliman, kukhulupirira kuti ndi mmodzi wa Troy, omwe Iye anakhala zitayimbidwa ndi Mfumu Priam. chitukuko ndithu, malinga anapezazo anafika okhala ndi kuthetsa chimodzi m'gawo. Malinga ndi zotsatira za zafukulidwa ndi chinapezeka kuti nthawi imeneyi panali ikuchitika ndi malonda yogwira ndi Ahelene. mumzindawo anawonongedwa ndi zivomezi.

ofukula zamakono zomwe amakhulupirira kuti wosanjikiza wa chisanu ndi chiwiri anapeza - ichi ndi Homeric Ilium. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amati mzinda anaphedwa ndi moto anayambika ndi mphamvu Greek. Chitatu wosanjikiza - ndi kuthetsa atsamunda Greek amene anakhalapo kuno kale pambuyo Troy anawonongedwa. Iwo, pa kunena kwa zakale anamanga apa kachisi wa Athena. Otsiriza a zigawo, ndi chinayi wa nthawi ya chi Roma.

Modern Troy ndi dera lalikulu limene zofukulidwa akutsatiridwa lero. Cholinga chawo - kupeza umboni uliwonse wa mbiri, anafotokoza mu lalikulu Homeric yadzaoneni. nthano zambiri ndi nthano kwa zaka zingapo kulimbikitsa asayansi, akatswiri ndi adventurers wofuna kukhala kwanu - ngakhale ang'ono - chopereka kwa atulukira zinsinsi za mzinda waukulu uwu, chimene adachipasula kale anali mmodzi wa waukulu kugula mtsempha wamagazi wa dziko wakale.

Pa malo Troy anali apeza zinthu zambiri, zomwe zinali zofunika kwambiri kwa sayansi yamakono. Koma palibe kupatula mikuluwiko anapatsidwa zofukulidwa ikuchitika nambala yaikulu ofukula akatswiri. Pa tsiku lino, ife tikhoza kudikira mpaka watsopano, wosonyeza zochitika adzapezeka amafotokozedwa "Odyssey" ndi "Iliad". Padakali pano, tidzakhala yekha amanena zokhudza woona umene unachitika mu mzinda waukulu wakale wa Troy.