Chachitatu Rome - izi ndi ... Chifukwa Moscow - Roma Chachitatu?

ngati mawu kapena malingaliro zambiri m'mbiri zakale ali molakwika mokomera chipani cholamulira kapena mfundo? Mwachitsanzo, vuto lililonse Nietzsche a Chitsulo chiphunzitso cha Mulungu mwa ife. Iye anatsogolera Germany ndi dziko ku nkhondo, komanso mfundo za kufanana - kuti Nkhondo ya wodzilamulira ndi gay mu kunyada perete. mbiri Russian wolemera mfundo zoterozo: iwo tumphuka nthawi iliyonse pamene mtunduwo ndi pamphambano. Limodzi mfundo izi - nthano wa Rome Chachitatu. Chifukwa Moscow - Roma Chachitatu, mmene kumvetsa lero, kaya odzichepetsa mmonke ankaganiza kuti mawu ake adzakhala amanena kwa zaka? Tiyeni tikambirane zimenezi m'nkhani.

Kodi izo zonse adayamba: kalata Philotheus

Kalekale, mu zaka zoyambirira za m'ma XVI., Pskov churchman Filofei analemba mndandanda wa makalata. The choyamba - chizindikiro cha mtanda - mosakhalitsa ku Grand Prince Vasily, wachiwiri - ndi Okhulupirira nyenyezi - dikoni, confessor kalonga. Inali kalata wa kuchenjeza kuopsa kwa nthawi: okhulupirira nyenyezi za ampatuko ndipo muzhelozhtsev. The pempho kwa kazembe amasonkhanitsa wake "mtetezi la mpando wachifumu wa mpingo" ndi "mfumu ya Akristu onse", Moscow bowa "ufumu" omwe adasonkhana m'mayiko onse, kupanga pano pakati wauzimu wa Orthodox - "romeyskoy ufumu" Rome. Ndipo kuti: "Pali Rome loyamba ndi lachiwiri; ndi nthandala wachitatu ndi wachinayi sizidzachitika. "

Sizikudziwika kaya Filofei anayambitsa lingaliro ili. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, Metropolitan Zosima makalata ankaona chiphunzitso chakuti Chachitatu Rome zaka 30 pamaso pa Pskov mmonke. Pofotokoza akamanena za yemweyo Zosima Moscow amatchedwa "m'malo mwa Constantinople." Kuti timvetse tanthauzo zipembedzo Russian, m'pofunika agwera mu mbiri ya nthawi imeneyo.

The zinthu zakale

Mu 1439 kholo lakale la Constantinople anapangana ndi Rome Florence Union, kuzindikira ulamuliro wa Papa ndi yosungira Orthodoxy miyambo chabe ofunda. Zinali zovuta nthawi za Ufumu Byzantine: Ottoman Turkey anaima pakhomo, kusokoneza ufulu wodzilamulira. Constantinople anali kuyembekezera thandizo kwa mafumu Western nkhondo yolimbana ndi Aisiraeli, koma thandizo sanabwere.

Mu 1453 likulu unagwa mabishopu ndi mfumu anaphedwa. Zinali mapeto a kum'mawa Roma.

Udindo wa Mpingo Orthodox Russian

Nthawi imeneyi wolamulira wamkulu wa Russian tchalitchi ndi mafumu akanakhoza kudzoza yekha mbadwa - wolowa mmalo a Mulungu padziko lapansi - ndi yekhayo mu Constantinople, kukhazikika mu umunthu wa ufumu wa Khristu. M'njira imeneyi, ya Russian anali amadalira anansi ake kum'mawa. The Grand Duke kale ankati mutu achifumu. Mu 1472, Ivan III wakwatira ndi Zoe (Sophia) Palaeologus, mwana wamkazi otsiriza Byzantine mfumu. Atatero, Ivan anatenga mphungu monga chizindikiro cha boma latsopano. Yokhala, amayenera m'mayiko makolo - cholowa cha mkazi wake.

Ku maganizo a atsogoleri Russian, mgwirizano anali mwala wa Mpingo Orthodox, kuchoka ku chipembedzo choona. Ufumu pantchitoyi nkhondo ya Asilamu. Romeyskoe ufumu - patrimony Khristu, ndi kuti ufulu wa kholo lakale, anapita yekha otsala phata la Orthodoxy - Mpingo Russian. Apa tsopano paima Rome Chachitatu - ufumu wapadziko lapansi wa Mulungu padziko lapansi.

Woyamba ndi wachiwiri Reams

Malinga Philotheus, choyamba Rome - The Wamuyaya ndi mzinda wakale, yemwe anawonongedwa m'zaka IX. wongosamukasamuka pambuyo kulekana kwa mipingo kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa. Latins ali akumenya "mpatuko Apolinarievoy" pakupereka zolinga za Khristu. Romeyskoe ufumu anasamukira ku Constantinople.

Chachiwiri Rome mwamphamvu anaimirira m'zaka za m'ma XVI., Ndiyeno anawonongedwa ndi Ottoman Turkey mu kubwezera chifukwa chopereka wauzimu. Poti Soviet Florence kunaoneka ngati chisokonezo, kumene Russian Grand Duke, kenako King, anafunika kusamala Lazaro.

Chachitatu Rome - Moscow

Kaya mawu Philotheus mawerengedwe ndale? Inde, Ufumu wa Mulungu ndi amphamvu chapakati mphamvu m'bwalo lonse. Koma si kundithandiza vuto ya ndale za Pskov mmonke.

Utatha Mpingo Russian anatengera ufulu wa Orthodox Byzantine, ndi:

1. Linalandira ufulu, ndi Metropolitan analibe kugwadira Constantinople, anaikidwa kwa atsogoleri a chipembedzo, osati kwa Agiriki.
2. Russian ntongi akhali pa banja kalonga pa mpando wachifumu ndi kunena kuwateteza.

Ganizo la Rome Chachitatu zinali ndi wolemba mabuku aulosi - nkhani Old Testament wa maufumu anayi a dziko lapansi ndi zamoyo zinai. The choyamba - wachikunja - anawonongeka mu masiku a Igupto, Asuri, ndi ku Ulaya wakale. Ufumu chachiwiri - Latin (Ancient Rome) Ndipotu wachikhristu woyamba; wachitatu - Byzantium. Chachinayi - nthaka - wotsiriza, monga adzawononga wotsutsakhristu yekha ndi kulengeza kuti mapeto a dziko.

Uthenga wa Chimonko, analitu kuopa Chivumbulutso kuposa kunyada kuwuka kwa Mpingo Russian. Ngati Moscow unagwa ndi kugwa, osati Chikhristu - adzakhala mapeto a umunthu. Choncho mkulu amene Russian Metropolitan odzozedwa kumawateteza chikhulupiriro choona mwa Asilamu Osakhulupirira ndi mpatuko, kuphatikizapo Chikatolika.

Kodi kutenga mawu Philotheus anthu?

Mosiyana ndi wolemba amenewa, atsogoleri Russian apeza mbali zabwino za chiphunzitso cha: kunyada ndi ukulu. Chachitatu Rome - ichi ndi chipilala lonse la Chikhristu. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mpaka kusintha Nikon mu nkhani ndi mafanizo m'njira zonse retold Monakhovo mawu:

1. Novgorod "The nthano za cowl woyera" (1600) limanena kuti kalelo Konstantin Veliky anapereka Metropolitan Sylvester kapu - chizindikiro cha zampingo udindo waukulu. Russian churchman manyazi ndipo sanamvere mphatso, koma chidina kudzera Novgorod wabwerera ku Moscow, kumene iwo molondola anatenga mfumu yatsopano.
2. Fanizo la korona wa Monomakh: momwe Russia sanali zachipembedzo ndi achifumu regalia, amene anadutsa lamulo odzozedwa a Mulungu - woyamba Tsar Ivan kwambiri.

Ngakhale kuti anali ndi nthawi yovuta kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian mu wogwirizana boma Russian, paliponse mu zolemba nduna, mfundo ya Rome Chachitatu sizikumveka. Zotheka pa maziko a pamwamba, kunena mfundo imeneyi inali yapamwamba mwa atsogoleri achipembedzo, amene ankateteza ufulu wa Mpingo, udindo wake. A nthawi yaitali kwambiri , mfundo imeneyi analibe tanthauzo ndale.

Rome Chachitatu ndi Nikon

The original phokoso Philotheus anali kuukira osati ndi Asilamu, koma chisokonezo. Iwo anazindikira sayansi, ndi zaluso iliyonse. Nikon kusintha kugwirizanitsa miyambo achipembedzo komanso kuchoka ku mwambo. Nikon mbali Habakuku amaona Wokana Kristu - chilombo chachinayi, chimene chidzawononga otsiriza romeyskoy ufumu.

Mwalamulo Philotheus malemba onse nthano mafanizo omwe mwachindunji kapena ayi anatchula za chiphunzitso cha Pskov mmonke anaziletsa chifukwa zinali zoti malamulo Okhulupirira Old. The otsutsa atenga lingaliro ili naye Siberia ndi mchitidwe umenewu akumidzi. Kufikira tsopano, osafuna kusintha amakhulupirira kuti Rome Chachitatu - ichi ndi zaka OT Moscow mpingo umene ulipo mpaka moyo - oimira ake oona ndi chabe.

Kodi chinachitika?

Zinaoneka za mfundo ya Rome Chachitatu ndi Mpingo waiwala, ndi osankhika ndale. Koma mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XIX kunapatsidwa kubadwa kwatsopano. Mogwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Mkulu wa Mabishopu Mpandowachifumu mu Russia ndi kuti anthu Russian Zinkafunikiradi lingaliro zinathandiza, makalata Philotheus anasindikizidwa. Iwo anakhala chiphunzitso alipo: "Moscow - Roma Chachitatu", akamanena za zomwe zasintha pang'ono: iliyonse akutchula za mpatuko anachotsa, kusiya kokha liwu za Asilamu.

Russian nzeru zapamwamba Vladimir Ikonnikov anali akufuna kutanthauzira, kumalimbitsa pretensions yachifumu ndi mfundo ya Russia: Moscow atagwa Byzantium anatenga malo ake oyenera mu mgwirizano wa mayiko, ndi - Mpulumutsi wa Chikhristu ndi anthu, chifukwa cha "chachinayi Rome sadzatero." Izi cholinga chake mbiri, cholinga chake, pa maziko ichi, ali ndi ufulu kukhala ufumu wa dziko lonse.

Anasintha chiphunzitso kusinthika

Kuyambira nthawi kuti Rome Chachitatu otchedwa Russia monga phata la anthu, anasonyeza kuti ntchito zake zazikulu. Makamaka kulimbikitsa lingaliro ndi anayesa Slavophiles panslavinisty. Soloviev, mwachitsanzo, ankakhulupirira kuti Russia ali ndi udindo waukulu kugwirizana kwa East ndi West, Akristu onse pansi pa mothandizidwa ndi tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox. Wolemba mbiri Ivan Kirillov analemba kuti chiphunzitso cha Moscow ngati Rome Chachitatu, ichi ndi Russian lingaliro la dziko wodzilamulira, manyazi, amene dziko analibe nthawi yonse iyi. Akhristu Orthodox ayenera osati pogwirizanitsa anthu onse fraternal, komanso kugunda Muslim Ottoman, kuti si anaukira choyamba. Pa yomenyera nkhondo Balkans malingaliro unakhala wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu.

Kuyambira pamenepo mawu Philotheus potsiriza anakhala ndale, ndi kufunika mu uzimu ndi ecclesial anachotsedwa.

Mu Soviet Union,

chiphunzitso wakhala kutanthauziridwa mu njira zosiyana pa mapangidwe boma Soviet, koma mkubwela kwa Stalin anali kuphunzira, anaphunzira mbiri ndi nthano. Izo zatsimikiziridwa kuti mfundo romeyskoy maufumu zokhudzana okha zinthu zauzimu.

Izi ndi zomveka. The kwambiri boma la Soviet sanasowe ndi ziphunzitso zina, kuwonjezera chigonjetso cha chikominisi padziko lonse apeze mitundu yoyandikana nayo. Ndipo chipembedzo inaletsedwa. Nkhani ya Pskov mmonke ngakhale anachotsedwa mu mabuku.

lero

Soviet Union linagwa, anthu anasanduka Mulungu nayambanso kuyang'ana akupangira ake mbiri njira Russian. onse kafukufuku ndi mabuku anaukitsidwa kwa Philotheus kuti Berdyaev ndi Solovyov chifukwa chimene Moscow - Roma Chachitatu. Mu mabuku onse m'mbiri monga chiphunzitso ndale anapita kuti kuyambira masiku ano anaonetsa anthu Russian m'njira yoyenera chitukuko. Nationalists kamodzinso akulankhula za Russian ntchito mu mbiri ya dziko lapansi.

Chipembedzo lero wosiyana anthu Komabe, munthu woyamba dziko kawirikawiri mu mpingo, anayambitsa maphunziro Orthodoxy pa sukulu mayunivesite, kumvera wa mabishopu, kutenga njira zamtendere. Kodi inu kudabwa kuti mfundo za Chachitatu Rome Western asayansi ndale zambiri kufotokoza malo Russia m'bwalo lonse!

Choncho Panslavism, Bolshevism, Soviet expansionism, Russian mitundu lingaliro, njira zoona, ntchito mbiri - zonsezi anafotokoza mfundo ya Rome Chachitatu, anafotokoza mmonke Filofeem mu zaka 1523-1524. Kaya wansembe ankadziwa kuti mawu ake adzapeza ntchito lonse? Ngati inu kufufuza nkhani ya (kujambula zonse za mauthenga), ndi zinthu zakale, tikuona kuti kwambiri hue ndale chiphunzitso kumeneko. Only wachipembedzo, apocalyptic, chifukwa choopa kuti ufulu wa mpingo ndi mphamvu ya Mpingo Russian. Komabe, kwa zaka mazana angapo Philotheus mawu koma chifundo molakwika ndi anthu amene angapindule ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana, ndipo anapeza tanthauzo lina. Kodi lero kumvetsa "Moscow - Roma Chachitatu"? Monga wina aliyense maganizo mbiri, aliyense ayenera paokha kusankha amaona mankhwala a nthawi, kapena kuwafotokozera chiphunzitso cha lamakono la zochitika.