Chaka 1770: Nkhondo ya Chesma. chifukwa nkhondo

Inu mukudziwa, pamene panali nkhondo panyanja ya Chesma? 1770 ndipo tsopano yokondwerera Russia. Nkhondo zinachitika mu Bay a Cesme mu 1770, July 24-26 (July 5-7), m'dera pakati pa zilumba za Chios ndi malekezero kumadzulo kwa Anatolia. Amadziwika kuti m'dera m'mbuyomu ambiri panyanja nkhondo pakati Venetian Republic ndi Ottoman pakati pa fleets Turkey ndi Russian. Nkhondo inali mbali yachiwiri Peloponnesian kupanduka 1769 ndi wotsogolera kudza wa Greek nkhondo ya ulamuliro (zaka 1821-1829).

Today Tsiku la ulemerero lankhondo la Russia kumakumbukulidwa pa July 7 - Tsiku la chigonjetso cha zombo Russian pa Turkey mu Nkhondo ya Chesma.

prehistory

Ambiri bwino chithunzi Chesme 1770. Nkhondo zinachitika m'chaka chimenechi. Kamodzi 1768-mamita Russian kunabuka nkhondo ndi Turkey, Russia anatumiza squadrons angapo Nyanja Mediterranean ku Baltic. Iye ankafuna kuti achotse chidwi wa Ottoman ku Choyamba Archipelago ulendo (Black Sea zombo), imene inali ndiye wa asanu okha Nkhondo.

Awiri Russian squadron analamula asilikali Gregory Spiridov ndi English mlangizi kumbuyo asilikali Elfinston Dzhon, motsogoleredwa ndi Chiwerengero Orlov Aleksey. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, oyendetsa odziwa aona zombo Ottoman chamangika Bay a Cesme (Turkey West Coast).

Posonkhezeredwa France, ndiponso zochita za vuto Polish mu 1768 wa Ottoman kulengeza nkhondo pa Russia. Pa nthawi imeneyi, pa kum'mwera njira malangizo anakhalabe vuto lomwelo, limene linali m'zaka XVII. Mu Russian Ufumu analibe zombo mu Black ndi Azov Pacific, amene analamulira panyanja mphamvu M'madoko. Ndipotu, Nyanja Black anali "Turkey nyanja." Nyanja ya Azov, Black Sea ndi North Crimea umayang'anira Ottoman - mayiko amenewa anali ankamasulira pochita nkhondo ndi Russia.

kuwukira

Chaka 1770 ... Chesma nkhondo ... N'chifukwa chiyani zimenezi zinachitika? Mu 1768-TH m'dzinja, Crimea apakavalo litalanda Russia, nkhondo inayamba. mdani anagonjetsedwa ndipo anabwerera, koma kuopseza anakhalabe. Kumpoto Black Sea wakhala zisudzo zoyambirira za nkhondo, kumene Russian asilikali kwa zaka zoposa zisanu kumenyana ndi asilikali a Ottoman Porte ndi Crimea Khanate.

ntchito

Kumbukirani nambala 1770. Chesma nkhondo zikutanthauza. Pa Black Sea zombo palibe ayenera kulipidwa. N'chifukwa chake mu St. Petersburg anaganiza kutumiza kwa squadron Mediterranean Nyanja Baltic ndi ku zingasokoneze Turkey. Cholinga zoyambirira za ulendo anali kuchirikiza kugalukira zotheka okhalamo Mkhristu wa Balkan Peninsula (makamaka zilumba Aegean ndi Greek Peloponnese) ndi kuopseza Turkey kumbuyo.

ntchito zimene anali kuchita Russian squadron? Iye anali kuphwanya mizere nyanja mdani kulankhulana Nyanja Mediterranean, kuchotsa ena a mphamvu yake (makamaka zombo) kuchokera m'dera Black Sea cha nkhondoyi. Pamene bwino squadron anali kugwira mfundo zofunika kwambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja Turkey ndi kutchinga Dardanelles. Zochitika zazikulu inali mu Nyanja Aegean, kapena, monga izo zinaikidwa mu "Archipelago la Greece." Choncho dzina "Greek ulendo."

lingaliro

Kale chaka 1770. Nkhondo ya Chesma anthu akukumbukirabe. Amene anatulukira kutumiza zombo Russian ku gombe Aegean, kudzutsa ndi kuthandiza chiwembu cha anthu Mkhristu umakhala komweko ndi a Ottoman? Kwa nthawi yoyamba mfundo imeneyi Powafotokozera ndiye ankakonda wa mfumukazi Catherine II Orlov Grigory. Mwina, lingaliro koyamba ananenedwa ndi mtsogoleri tsogolo la maulendowa n'kulemba Orlov Aleksey, mbale wa Gregory, amene yokha yovomerezeka ndi donos kuti Catherine.

Amadziwika kuti Orlov Aleksey analemba kuti m'bale wake zokhudza mavuto a ntchito imeneyi ndi nkhondo ambiri: "Ayenera kupita ku Constantinople ndi kutulutsidwa kwa Akhristu onse achipembedzo ndipo Orthodox ku goli chowawa. Ndipo ndidzati uyu, mfumu Peter Ine mu chikalata anati, ndi iwo, Achimuhamadi osakhulupirira kuyendetsa kutali steppes mchenga kunyumba zawo zakale. Apa kupembedza zikuoneka, ndipo Lemekezani Mulungu wathu, Wamphamvuyonse. " Pa nthawi kugonjera wa asilikali kwa Council la ntchito pa Mfumukazi Orlov Grigory kukonza maganizo ake motere: ". Tumizani mu mawonekedwe a sitima ku Nyanja Mediterranean, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko angapo zombo kupanga mdani zonyoza zimayenda"

Akatswiri ena amanena kuti nkhondo ya Chesma mu 1770 chifukwa cha chilakolako cha Russia kuti ndi kuchoka popanda kudalira Nyanja Black kwa expanses wa nyanja dziko. Ndiyeno Sindinafune chochitira.

flotilla

Ndipo tsopano pang'ono tione chaka 1770, nkhondo ya Chesma (Chirasha Turkey nkhondo). Russian flotilla inkakhala zombo naini liniya, frigate atatu (wina mfuti 36 ndipo atavala 32 mfuti), 17-19 zombo wothandiza ndipo chotengera bombardirskogo "Bingu" (Cannon 10).

Atazindikira June 23 mdani zombo, adayima pa chilumba cha Chios pa nangula, sitima yathu m'bandakucha pa June 24 (July 5) mu 1770 analowa Chios njira, wotchedwa cholekanitsa chilumba ku Riviera, Anatolia, kuchokera kumpoto ndi okhudzidwa mphepo zofewa. M'mphepete mwa nyanja ili, kuyambira pa Gulf kumpoto Chesmensky, anaima mizere iwiri inagona Ottoman sitima.

Panali 16 magalimoto (chomwe asanu anali 90- kapena 80 mfuti, pamene ena, monga Russian, zida ndi zipangizo 66), 60 ziwiya ang'ono ndi 6 frigate. Turkey zombo analamula Hassan al-Din - Captain Pasha. Iye anali pa nthawi mumsasa pa gombe, ndipo wachiwiri wake Hassan-Bey (wolimba Algeria), amene ankanena kuti kuyambira zombo za adani muyenera kuchita ndi kutenga kupita nawo ku mlengalenga. Komabe, Corvettes wake samakhoza kutsatira lamulo limeneli, pamene anali inagona. Chifukwa, Russian matanga sanadikire kunkhondo yokha.

Orlova machenjerero

Mu chaka 1770 nkhondo ya Chesma (Chirasha Turkey nkhondo) zinakhudza kwambiri kalekale wotsatira. Amadziwika kuti chidwi mphamvu ya mdani poyamba anakantha Werengerani Orlov. Koma, mwamphamvu modalira mtima wa asilikali ake, ndi Mulungu, anakambirana ndi atsogoleri ndi atsogoleri, ndipo anaganiza kuukira zombo Turkey. Orlov analamula Springe (zingwe, chikugwirizana ndi anangula akusunga chombo udindo) Ngati inu muli kuzikika adani. Werengerani anamanga mzere wa nkhondo, ndipo anayenda Turkey motere:

• Rearguard: zombo "Svyatoslav" (asilikali Elphinstone, woyendetsa bwatolo Roxburgh), "Osandigwira" (woyendetsa bwatolo Beshentsev), "Saratov" (Captain Polivanov).
• Vanguard, "Eustace" (asilikali Spiridonov, Captain Cruz), "Europe" (mkulu Klokachev), "Oyera atatu" (woyendetsa bwatolo Hmetevsky).
• Kordebataliya "Zitatu Hierarchs" (Werengani Orlov Aleksey, ndi kapitawo Greig), "Januarius" (woyendetsa bwatolo Borisov), "Rostislav" (Captain Lupandin).

Nkhondo mu Chios Khwalala

Chesma nkhondo (1770, July 7) anatembenuka mbiri kumbuyo. Kuyamba, taganizirani nkhondo mu Chios Khwalala, umene unachitika pa June 24 (July 5). Russian bulu walola ndi ndondomeko ya ntchito ndipo anapita kwa malire a kum'mwera a mzere Turkey. Pambuyo pake, anatembenuka ndi kuyamba adzaikidwa ndi zombo mdani. Turkey zombo anayamba kuwomba mtunda ndi zingwe zitatu (560 m) pa 11: 30-11: 45. zombo Russian sanali moto kumbuyo bola pafupi mdani pa mtunda wa nkhondo 80 (170 m) kwa nkhondowo pafupi 12:00.

Mu atatu Russian zombo mchitidwe zinalephereka: "St. Januarius "mokakamiza anatembenuka, asanakhale masanjidwe," Europe "anaphonya malo ake, anavulala monga Motero, ananyamuka n'kumapita dongosolo, kukhala kumbuyo" Rostislav "ndi" Hierarchs atatu "kumbuyo kwa munda anamaliza sitima chachiwiri cha mdani Iye asanati kuima mu mzere, ndi chifukwa kuti molakwika anaukira corvette "zitatu wolowezana".

Kuwonongeka kwa "Europe" kwatanthauza kuti "St. Eustace "anali kutsogolera chombo Russian sitima. Sitima imeneyi anatumizidwa ku moto wa zombo atatu liniya Turkey (kuphatikizapo flagship wa Ottoman zombo, "Burj u Zafer", analamula Hassan Pasha). "St. Eustace "anayamba anakwera flagship ya sitima Ottoman, asanaone pa moto. Pambuyo moto mainmast "Burj u Zafer" ndinagwa pa sitima corvette "St. Eustace, "iye chakumene. Patapita mphindi 10-15 ndi litaphulitsidwa "Burj Zafer Y". Elphinstone ankanena kuti Russian kwenikweni kanthu ndipo Spiridov ndi Chiwerengero Orlovym Fodorom (m'bale ntsogoleri) yansiya "St. Eustace, "ngakhale pamaso melee lapansi. Momwemonso, kuphedwa, ndi woyendetsa bwatolo "St. Eustache "Cruz. Spiridov adapitiriza utsogoleri wa nkhondo ndi corvette "Hierarchs atatu".

14:00 Turkey kudula zingwe anangula ndi anabwerera pansi pa chivundikiro cha mabatire gombe mu Chesma Harbor.

Nkhondo Bay ndi

Asilikali ambiri anafera 1770 Chesma nkhondo anali mmodzi wa achiwawa koposa. June 25-26 (July 6-7), panali nkhondo pa Chesma Bay. Kuti izo Turkey moto sitima analenga awiri mndandanda wa 7 ndi 8-liniya corvettes ndi zombo zina zili pakati pa mizere ndi kugombe.

tsiku lonse June 25 (July 6) zombo Russian zipolopolo pa flotilla Turkey ndi maudindo m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Anayi ziwiya wothandiza ankapangidwa moto zombo. Pa 17:00 bomba sitima "Bingu" inali itaima kutsogolo kwa Chesma Bay ndipo anayamba kuwombera pa zombo Turkey. Pa 00:30 anakumana ndi sitima liniya "Europe" ndi 1:00 - "Rostislav", amene anadza chotsatirapo cha zombo moto.

"Rostislav", "Europe" ndipo anadandaula kuti: "Osandigwira," anapanga mzere kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera, chifukwa chakuti anayamba kumenyana ndi sitima Turkey. Panthawi imeneyi, "Saratov" anali pa standby, ndi frigate "Africa" ndi "Bingu" anaukira batire kugombe la kumadzulo kwa Gulf.

Pa 01:30, kapena pang'ono kale (malinga Elphinstone, usiku) chifukwa yowotcha, "Osandigwira" ndi "Bingu", mmodzi wa liniya Turkey zombo chakumene moto kufala kwa thupi ndi moto matanga. Malawi msanga kugwiritsa ngalawa zina ku gombe.

Timapitiriza nkhani ya chochitika chimene chinachitika July 7, 1770 Chesma nkhondo zomuyenereza lililonse. Kamodzi litaphulika 02:00 wa Turkey chombo chachiwiri, ziwiya Russian idaleka yowotcha, ndi moto zombo analowa Gulf. Awiri a iwo amene anali pansi pa lamulo la Captain Dugdale ndi Gagarin, Turkey kuwomberedwa. Mwa njira, Elphinstone amanena kuti yekha moto zindiphe Captain Dugdale, ndipo ngalawa Gagarin ndi ndewu anakana kupita. Kenako munthu chombo, analamula Mackenzie, ali analimbana ndi chotengera moto, ndi munthu (m'manja mwa msilikali D. Ilina) - angagwirizanitse kwa 84 mfuti corvette mzere.

Amadziwika kuti Ilyin moto anayatsa, ndipo anasiya pa bwato ndi timu. chombo chakumene ndi kutentha kwambiri kwa corvettes ena Ottoman. Mwa 02:30 chakumene Nkhondo zitatu.

Pafupifupi pa 04:00 zombo Russian anatumiza kwa ngalawa, pofuna kupulumutsa sanayambebe moto ndi ziwiya ziwiri zazikulu. Komabe, iwo anatha kutenga mmodzi yekha wa iwo - "Rhodes '60 mfuti. Kuyambira 04:00 mpaka 05:30 litaphulitsidwa Zombo Zankhondo sikisi, ndi pa 7 koloko - anayi synchronously. Mwa 8:00 pankhondo ya Chesma Bay inatha.

zotsatira za nkhondo

Zabwino mbiri dziko m'chaka 1770? Chesma nkhondo ubwino kunabweretsa Russia? Pambuyo nkhondo Russian zombo akhoza linachokera kusokoneza aya Turkey ku Nyanja Aegean ndi kupeza Dardanelles. mokoma onsewa achita yofunika kwambiri kusaina Pangano la Mtendere wa Kucuk Kaynarca mgwirizano.

Motsogoleredwa Catherine II, kutamanda mchigonjetso Wamkulu Peterhof Palace anapangidwa losaiwalika Chesmensky Hall (zaka 1774-1777), amene anaimika zipilala ziwiri zimenezi: Chesme pilaster mu Tsarskoye Selo (1778) ndi Chesmensky chipilala mu Gatchina (1775) ndi kumanga Chesme Palace (zaka 1774-1777) ndipo Chesma mpingo wa St. Ioanna Predtechi (zaka 1777-1780) mu St. Petersburg.

Chesma nkhondo moyo imeneyi mu 1770 kuponya golide ndi siliva mendulo, amene chopangidwa ndi dongosolo la Mfumukazi Catherine I. Werengerani Orlovu Alekseyu anali ankaloledwa kukhala ndi proimenovanie maina, monga iwo anati, "Chesma".

dzina

Amadziwika kuti dzina "Chesma" ankavala chibongachachitsulo sitima za zombo Russian asilikali. Mwa dongosolo la Nicholas II anali kutchula Cesme m'deralo, umene ndi mudzi wa dera Chelyabinsk.

Ndipo mu Gulf wa Anadyr kumeneko Scesma Cape - wake otchedwa ulendo ku clipper "Wokwera" mu 1876.

Russian Pulezidenti Vladimir Putin mu 2012, mu July, losindikizidwa ndi kusinthidwa kwa lamulo "Pa chidzatha liti la Russia ndi Masiku usilikali Ulemerero." Chifukwa cha zimenezi, panali Kupambana kwa Russian zombo pa Turkey ku Nkhondo ya Chesma, amene kumakumbukulidwa pa July 7.

malipoti

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale ali kuphunzira chaka 1770: Chesma nkhondo, chifukwa chimene kale, Russia adalemekeza dziko lonse. Amadziwika kuti Spiridov kukauza Pulezidenti wa College wa Admiralty ku St. Petersburg Werengerani Chernyshov: "Ayamikike Mulungu ndi ulemu wa flotilla Onse-Russian! Kuyambira TH 25 26 TH mdani zombo anaukira, ukali, ukali, kutenthedwa, anamira, ndipo amaloŵa kumwamba kusanduka phulusa, ndipo anasiya malo chitonzo lowopsya, ndipo anayamba yamezedwa mu zilumba wathu wa Mfumukazi athu ".

A. G. Orlov kwakukuru anafotokoza maganizo anauziridwa ndi chigonjetso cha Cesme, mu kalata kwa m'bale wake: "Moni, bwana, m'bale! Ine ndikuuzani inu pang'ono za ulendo wathu: ayatsa moto kulikonse, iwo anakakamizika kusiya Morea. Pakuti vorogov ndi zombo wapita, anamuyandikira ndi kumenyana, anagwira, kuwonongedwa, anagonja anawonongedwa ndipo anatumiza pansi ndi incinerated. "