Chechens ndi Ingush - kusiyana. Culture, miyambo ndi mbiri ya anthu

Ammudzi chapachiyambi cha anthu awiriwa penapake kusagwirizana njira ya ku Caucasus nkhondo m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi lamulo la boma tsarist. Tsopano gawo la anthu, wotchedwa anthu wamba ambiri odzipereka kwa umodzi, kukhulupirira kuti ndi anthu umodzi - Chechens ndi Ingush. kusiyana titsindika okha anzeru kulenga, amene amaona palibe mtundu gulu.

chilankhulo

The Chechens chinenero Nakh-Dagestani mbali, ndipo wapafupi kwa Ingush. Komabe, mphatso kalankhulidwe kena magawano amene ali ovuta kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ena Chechen phiri m'zilembo ali oyandikira Ingush kuposa ngakhale ku Chechen mbadwa. Ndipo mu ulemu wa chinenero, amene kugwirizana ndi Chechens ndi Ingush, kusiyana ndi laling'ono kwambiri kuposa pakati pa Russian ndi Ukraine. Aliyense akulankhula m'chinenero chawo, koma pomvetsetsana popanda vuto pang'ono.

Ndi zinthu zina chikhalidwe kusonyeza anthu a m'dera lomwelo. Onyamula Ingush ndi chinenero Chechen wa stratum aluntha ndikukhulupirira kuti kumvetsa zimatheka osati oposa 80%, ndipo banja ndi ngakhale sichidziwika bwino. Komabe, akatswiri, ethnographers kuona anthu awa awiri pafupi kuti magwero ambiri pansi dzina lina - Vainakh (veynahi) - Chechens ndi Ingush. Kusiyana Choncho, pa mbali ya pafupifupi zosaoneka.

Vainakh chinenero zolembalemba chinapangidwa osati nthawi imodzi. Poyamba, iye anali obschenormirovannym ndipo anapita kuchokera ofalitsa - illanchi. Mbiri banja analinso - teptari - Chechen, koma Arabic script. Iwo anapulumuka, ngakhale zedi ochepa. Maziko a chinenero anthu Chechen amapezeka pakati m'Chigwa m'zilembo - Urus-Martan ndi Shali. Iwo anali kwambiri. Ndi pafupi kwambiri ndi Gudermes podterechny m'zilembo amene kwambiri ambiri adayala. Maziko a Ingushetia Nazran anali chilankhulo mbadwa pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi atatu peresenti ya anthu, ndiye mabwalo lonse la Ingushetia anati unali pa iye.

miyambo

Ethnographers amati Chechen chikhalidwe wataya kumveka kokwanira miyambo yosiyanasiyana kuposa Ingush. Chechens musati kupewa tosch awo monga mu masiku abwino akale, akhoza kudyetsa msuzi alendo kuti akuphwanya mwambo makolo. Ingush mofanana akale, alendo imayambira wapadera mbale nyama - amadalira nkhosa, nkhuku kapena Turkey, ndi toschami yesetsani kusankha tsiku ndi tsiku ambiri. Maukwati komanso kwambiri momasuka pochitika Chechens ndi Ingush mkwatibwi mwambo wakale wa miyambo yonse ndi mu ngodya.

Komabe, Chechens, Ingush, kusiyana pakati pa iwo pa nthawi akadali anapanga, bwino kudziwa zimakhalira mtundu, ndi ethnonym "Vainakh" si phokoso kanthu kwa iwo. Ambiri a iwo angaoneke zoti mawu polima posachedwapa ndipo analenga mwa munthu mmodzi, sikuli kwa mtundu umodzi uliwonse kapena china. Iwo mbali ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mbiri Zakachikwi wa dzina ili.

mitundu yaing'ono

Kum'mawa ndi mbali ndi Chechens Dagestani - Avars, Kumyk, ndipo anthu ambiri nambala akadali m'munsi. Mu Kumyks kwambiri Arabized chikhalidwe, iwo anakhala kwa m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi Chechen malamulo ulemu, ndipo pafupifupi onse alaliki anachokera chiwerengero chawo. Avars anatha kudzutsa panthawi Union, pamene manambala awo unakula mofulumira. Poyamba, iwo anali opanda minda ndi iwo wolembedwawo kuti Chechens abusa.

mbiri imeneyi ya Chechens ndi anzawo chifukwa chakuti pafupifupi onse midzi Chechen ndi zitaganya lonse pamene anakhazikika Avars. Malipiro ntchito - pafupifupi kapolo chifukwa cha Chechens onyada, iye ankaona kwambiri si zapamwamba, ndipo iwo ndi ulemu wokwanira kwa Avars zawo zakale mosayenera. Koma silinakwaniritsidwe aiwala ndipo nthawi zina Chechnya zaka anamvera Avar ambuye. Only m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu Chechen miyambo anayamba kupeza ufulu ndiye yekha chifukwa dziko amene wakwanitsa kuponya goli ili.

Vainakh: resettlement

chidani Political msanga overlaps chinthu achipembedzo. Loyandikana Dagestan zonse ndipo mwamphamvu anatumiza kumadzulo patsogolo ake a chisilamu omwe Chechens ndi Ingush kunadetsa ethnically sakudziwika. Kapangidwe ka onse mitundu Chechens chigawo zikuphatikizapo nambala mwachilungamo lalikulu Dagestanians nkomwe matepi Daghestanian.

Mu chigawo kumveka Khasavyurt la Dagestan, dera nayenso, anakakhala Akkin-Chechens, pali anthu za zana chikwi, amene anali kunyumba kwa Republic of Ingushetia ndi Chechnya. Ndi mapiri, pafupifupi magawano wamkulu wa Vainakh, amene asamuka ku borderland pakati pa mayiko awiri. Pambuyo kuwukira Tamerlana Akkin pansi ndi otentha ndipo anasiya kum'mawa, pophatikiza matepi osiyana Chechens. Mulimonsemo, iwo pabwino okha monga ammudzi Chechen.

Vainakh makolo padziko la steppes ndi North Caucasus, amene ali pafupi ndi gawo watsopano wa Republic Chechen. Mu Zakachikwi woyamba ndinkakhala nalo Khazar Khanate ndi chipembedzo cha boma, kutali Islam - Chiyuda. Chechen ethnography akadali akuzisunga ena mogwirizana ndi oyandikana nawo, kusiya chizindikiro noticeable pa mbiriyakale ya mapangidwe a Vainakh, kuyambira chotenga mbali mu moyo ndale za Khazar Khanate ankachita khama kwambiri. Matepi ena mwachindunji kumukweza mtundu wake mmodzi wa makolo a Chiyuda, ndi, Khazar zapitazi mbiri ya Chechens ndi masitolo Ingush kuposa anzake.

delimitation

Posachedwapa, pa Chechens ndi Ingush, kusiyana amene ali ngakhale ang'onoang'ono kuposa kuti pakati pa Russian ndi Belarusians, kukangana pa malire utsogoleri. Awa anthu fraternal - kapena kani, Vainakh lina anthu, ogaŵikana mabungwe awiri, anaganiza dissociate. Mwachibadwa, palibe zotsatira malamulo a chigamulo cha boma Chechen sanalandire. Koma zinthu zachiwawa. Kusintha malire pakati pa mayiko a - kutsegula bokosi Pandora a, onetsetsani kuti ayambe mikangano, osati wa Chechen-Ingush, koma Ossetian-Ingush, amene Mizu zakuya.

Mbiri ya Ingush ndi Ossetians foothill ndi mbali m'zigwa za Ingushetia ndi North Ossetia kumatenga ku mapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, chifukwa apa iwo anakhala mulu kuphatikizapo kumlingo monga iwo anali simungathe kulingalira iwo ali: ngati dera kapena Vainakh Ossetian. Lang'anani, kwazaka mazana mayiko amenewa, ukhale mmodzi ndiye ena, ndi kutumikira nthawi kuyanjana wina malire gawo lotetezedwa pakati pa magulu akuluakulu mitundu kukhala m'madera. Lapansi, ankaona Ossetian Ufumuyo panthawi zosiyanasiyana ndiye kuti Ingushetia, ndi Ossetia ndi anthu awa pang'onopang'ono m'malo Kabardians anakhalapo kuno. Ndipo izo zinachitika monga pofika m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri.

Tsopano, ngati inu kuchita zonse "Chabwino" pa Chechen, ganizirani adzakhala mitundu yambiri ya wolemekezeka. Lopita njira zina zambiri, aliyense ali yake. The disengagement adzalenga ndi mikangano zosafunika kwathunthu ndipo mwina posodeystvuet kukhwima nkhondo. Kupititsa amanena, ndipo ngakhale nthawi imeneyi lamulo, tsopano kuposa zosayenera. Pamene ine adawomba kuitana kwa nzeru, ndipo panali yankho ku funso chifukwa chomwe Chechens sindimakonda Ingush. Zimakhala zokhumudwitsa ndi zokhumudwitsa, makamaka pamene tikumbukira kuti Ingushetia ndinkakhala nalo othawa pa awiri nkhondo Chechen - masauzande a anthu aona pogona kumeneko.

N'chifukwa chiyani

Inde, demarcation wa 90 oyambirira a otsiriza de A facto. Chechnya kumenyana ndi Ingushetia anakhalabe mu chimango malamulo a boma latsopano la Russia, wakuyesetsana referenda ndi chisankho ambiri. Ndi mliri wa malire nkhondo pakati Ingushetia ndi Chechnya unasiya kukhala makonzedwe, izo zimatetezedwa ndi asilikali boma, magulu ena chitetezo. Zonsezi manowa magawano - ndi zachuma ndi boma.

Kumene, anthu ziwirizi, Chechens ndi Ingush, kusiyana amene ali oposa ephemeral, pafupi kwambiri kwa wina ndi mzake. Iwo amagawira zaka zakubadwa asapita, miyambo, chinenero. Koma Ingush, chipembedzo amene salola kuti akhale sikutanthauza, musalole iwo kuti asanene chifuniro winawake. Ngakhale munthu wina sadzaloledwa. Low-mwamphamvu nkhondo ndi mobisa zida kukhwima zambiri zinayambira kachiwiri. Ndipo mukamawerenga chiwerengero cha mitundu yonse ya zida, imene tsopano mu dera, imakhaladi wowopsa.

prehistory

Pamene Russia anafika ku Caucasus, ambiri Ingush anataya m'mayiko awo, kumene Cossacks anali atakhazikika kwa bata mtanda malire. N'chifukwa chake muyezo wa Civil nkhondo kunapezeka monga izi: Ossetians sitilowerera, ndi Cossacks anayimira White ndi Ingush - kwa Maonekedwe, chifukwa iwo analonjezedwa kubwerera madera anthu a Cossacks.

Pambuyo chigonjetso cha Terek Cossacks amachoka malo kumene kuli kuyambira boma Soviet anasunga mawu ake nthawi zonse. ASSR anali mmodzi - Highland - mpaka 1924, ndiye padali kugawanikana ku North-Ossetian ndi Ingush kudziyimira pawokha kuphatikiza chigawo Sunzha. likulu sinali - Vladikavkaz. Ndipo 30 oyambirira panali Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast mu 1937 n'kukhala Chi ASSR.

nkhondo

Opaleshoni mphodza mu 1944 zinachititsa kuti chakuti ASSR linathetsedwa. Anaonekera dera Grozny ndi madera ena anapatsidwa Georgia, Dagestan ndi North Ossetian ASSR. Zifukwa anali oposa wabwino: kulephera yolimbikitsa ndi kuleka ambiri mwa Vainakh, chilengedwe cha magulu ankhondo, chopereka, kusunga paratroopers German, utumiki kwa Nazi - mndandanda waukulu. Mawu chachikulu apa - ambiri.

Pofuna kugundidwa kumbuyo (amene nthawi zambiri zinachitika), Vainakh anawatumiza ku Central Asia. Ndipo mu nkhani iyi, ndi zosaoneka amasiyana Chechens Ingush. Mu 1956, Vainakh anayamba kubwerera chachikulu kunyumba kwawo. ASSR nachiritsidwa, koma kwa gawo lalikulu la gawo (kupatula mwaperekapo Georgia) anali kale kuli anthu. The Ossetians chomwecho. Ngakhale izi, pafupifupi onse atengedwa ndi Chechen ndi minda Ingush chabwezedwa. Komabe, dera populata anayamba nkhondo m'deralo.

Mipingo

Kumayambiliro kwenikweni kwa Mipingo ya zinali zodzaza ndi lakuthwa kusagwirizana kufufuma mu ubwenzi wabwino Msamariya: kulimbana chigawo Prigorodny (Chermen Kambileevskoe, October), imene Ossetians akufuna am'thamangitsa kunyumba onse a Ingush ku Republic. Ziwawa anayamba pamodzi ndi oyamba a mayunitsi asilikali kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo lonse. Ingush womangika amakhala, zomwe iwo zapamwamba tsankho. Kupitiriza kumenyana ndi kupha ndi kumenyedwa.

Zonsezi anapita mu '90s, ndi Ingush mowirikiza anakumbutsa zochita zawo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, ambiri limasonyeza magulu ndi Wehrmacht, chitsutsocho mwankhanza kwa Red Army. Mu 1991, Ingush zakonfliktovali Ossetian apolisi moti kunachitika boma la mwadzidzidzi, ndi Council Wamkulukulu ngakhale anaganiza zokambirana ndi anthu, kukwiya kuthamangitsidwa. Koma tsoka analamula ayi.

Soviet Union unatha, Chechnya ananena ufulu wodzilamulira, Ingushetia ndipo anaganiza kukhala la Russia. Mu 1992 Ingushetia kachiwiri wodzilamula mkati la Russia. Pa nthawi yomweyo m'chigawo Prigorodny panali lonse mndandanda umbanda wa Ingush, pambuyo imene anali wopereka m'malire Ingushetia ndi North Ossetia, ndipo chigawo kudwala-fated otsiriza anataya. Ossetians - anthu kotentha: apolisi magalimoto anayamba kuwombera pa Ingush, kenako yamasika analoledwa osati kuvala, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti. Nkhondo safuna kuti asiye. Ingush oletsedwa malo asilikali mkati ndi inalamula kuti achire ya zachitetezo la Chitaganya cha Russia ku gawo. nkhondoyo inapitirizabe.

Ngati inu kusiya Russian Caucasus

Nanga bwanji? Zidzakhala wamagazi chisokonezeko, monga m'deralo, wophunzitsidwa mwa ululu. Iwo amakumbukira zimene zinachitika mu Chechnya pambuyo extrusion wathunthu wa anthu onse Russian: panali kusayeruzika chigawenga, anthu anali kubedwa osati Chechnya, koma kudutsa dziko, ndiyeno panali Wahhabis ndi mfundo zake zinathandiza, ndipo pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo ya nkhondo inayambika.

Order ndi mtendere mu Caucasus sanali, ambirife chabe sangakhale boma wamphamvu kale uko ndi kukatenga iye kulikonse. Anthu oyandikana nawo pang'ono, ndi layamba aphane wina ndi mzake. Ndipo pambali, kuba ng'ombe lija, kuba akazi, kenako zonsezi mwankhanza ankalangidwa. Ndi pamene panali amphamvu kunja ulamuliro - zina, ngakhale osati kuti zonse chikusungidwabe. Mwachitsanzo, pamene ulamuliro wa Russian Ufumu kapena Soviet Union.

Popanda dzanja lamphamvu Ingush ndi Chechens kachiwiri ankapita mikangano Kupititsa ndi mzake, ndi anansi ake onse. Yogwirizanitsa si zotheka. Mongoyembekezera kuyanjanitsa chikumenyana zambiri amathandiza Sharia ndi adat (mwambo). Koma kuthetsa Caucasus, malinga Sharia, kapena adat Only kwambiri "awo" - anzake a m'mudzimo, achibale, kapena zovuta kwambiri, anthu a mtundu wina. Chifukwa kudera chiwerengero chachikulu cha amitundu, lingaliro n'zokayikitsa kuti abwere.

The muweruzi mkulu wa Caucasus - phindu. Ndi mphamvu. Chechens Ingush akhoza kungoyankha kugula: thandizo mu pogrom wa Ossetians, mwachitsanzo. Kapena kulonjeza nawo zochitika za "Chechen ufumu." Only mu nkhani iyi kuzindikira za ulamuliro wa Chechen Ingush, ndipo ngakhale mwina kulambira. Popanda mabonasi, mikangano imeneyi onse anakakhala yekha mwa mphamvu. Zakhala, ndipo ndi chodziwikiratu kuti chinachake chasintha masiku ano.