Pali zaka zambiri zapitazo, anthu anaganiza kuti chinthu chilichonse padziko lapansi kumapangika ndi tinthu tosaoneka. Panapita kanthawi, ndipo asayansi atsimikizira kuti particles amenewa alipo. Iwo ankatchedwa maatomu. Kawirikawiri maatomu pakhale mosiyana ndi amaphatikizidwa m'magulu. magulu awa akutchedwa mamolekyulu. Dzina "molekyulu" lachokera ku Latin timadontho-timadontho mawu, kutanthauza kulemera, clump, colossus, ndi suffix diminutive - cula. Poyamba, mawu anagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa liwu loti "corpuscle" kwenikweni limatanthauza "thupi laling'ono". Kuti tipeze chimene molekyulu, ife titembenukira kwa Dictionary. Dikishonare Ushakova limanena kuti ndi tinthu zing'onozing'ono zomwe pakhale paokha ndipo ali ndi katundu onse a nkhani imene akunena. Mamolekyulu ndi maatomu ali ponseponse, ndipo ngakhale iwo sangakhoze kukhudza, chirichonse chimene ife tikuchiwona kwenikweni - ndi limodzi awo chiphona.
CHITSANZO madzi
Ndi bwino kufotokoza zimene molekyulu akhoza kukhala mu chikho chitsanzo ndi madzi. Ngati timangoona theka lake, kukoma, mtundu ndi kapangidwe wa madzi otsala sizidzasintha. Zingakhale zachilendo kuti ndi chinthu china. Ngati kachiwiri kuponyedwa theka, chiwerengero adzakhala ndichepe, koma katundu kukhalabe chomwecho kachiwiri. Kupitiriza mu mtsempha chomwecho, kenako kupeza droplet yaing'ono. Iwo akadali zotheka kugawanitsa pipette, koma umasinthasintha kupitiriza ndondomeko chithe. Potsilizira pake kupeza tinthu laling'ono, mmene yotsala ya madzi sadzakhala kugawa. Kulingalira kuti molekyulu ndi momwe yaing'ono, azinena mmene mamolekyulu ambiri ali dontho limodzi lokha la madzi. Kodi inuyo mukuganiza bwanji? Biliyoni? zana biliyoni? Ndipotu, pali za zana la sekstilonov awo. nambala iyi, ndilo gulu pambuyo makumi awiri ndi zitatu-ziro. Khalidwe limeneli n'zokayikitsa, kotero ife ntchito poyerekeza ndi: kukula kwa molekyulu madzi ndi zosakwana apulo zazikulu ngati nthawi zambiri monga apulo weniweniwo zosakwana lonse. Choncho, n'zosatheka kuona amphamvu kwambiri kuwala maso.
Kapangidwe ka tinthu ndipo maatomu
Monga ife tikudziwa kale, particles onse tosaoneka nayenso ali wapangidwa maatomu. Malinga nambala yawo, m'mipita la atomu chapakati ndi mtundu kumangidwa mawonekedwe zojambula kungakhale mamolekyulu osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, DNA anthu chilonda mu mawonekedwe mwauzimu, ndi tinthu zing'onozing'ono zonse tebulo mchere uli mawonekedwe a munthu latisi krustalo. Ngati molekyulu mwanjira kukatenga maatomu ochepa chiwonongeko ake. Pankhaniyi, m'mbuyomu sadzakhala kutha, koma adzakhala gawo la microparticles ena.
Kamodzi tidadzatulukira kuti molekyulu izi, tipite maatomu. matabwa ake ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi kachitidwe mapulaneti: likulu ndi phata ndi neutrons ndi mapulotoni ndithu mlandu, ndipo ma elekitironi kuyendayenda zili m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri atomu ndi electrically ndale. M'mawu ena, chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi zofanana ndi chiwerengero cha mapulotoni.
Tikukhulupirira Nkhani athu akhala othandiza, ndipo tsopano muli ndi mafunso kenanso zimene molekyulu ndi atomu, mmene ntchito ndipo kodi kusiyana.