Magwero X-ray. Ndi X-ray chubu gwero la ionizing cheza?

M'mbiri yonse ya moyo pa zamoyo Earth amakumana kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kunyezimira dziko ndi ophunzira mwa mtendere wa radionuclides, ndi cheza mu zinthu mwachibadwa zikuchitika. moyo wamasiku ano kusintha kwa onse zinthu ndi zofooka za chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo ndi zachilengedwe a X-ray.

Ngakhale kuti mpweya wambiri wa poizoni, ndithudi, zoipa kwa thupi, mitundu ina cheza ndi wofunika moyo. Mwachitsanzo, maziko cheza zathandizira kuti mankhwala wachibadidwe ndi kusanduka kwachilengedwenso. Komanso zoonekeratu n'chakuti kutentha pakati Dziko Lapansi amaperekedwa ndi kuwonjezeredwa ndi oipa kutentha yaikulu ya, mwachibadwa zikuchitika radionuclides.

cheza dziko

Cheza cha chiyambi zakuthambo, amene mosalekeza alipo pa dziko lapansi, akutchedwa dziko.

chakuti cheza ozama imagwera pa dziko lathuli mlengalenga, koma osati chiyambi lapadziko, inapezeka zatsopano kuyeza ionization ikakhala osiyana, kuyambira pa nyanja kuti 9,000 m. Anapeza kuti mphamvu ya ionizing cheza anachepetsedwa kutalika kwa 700 m, ndi kupitiriza kukwera msangamsanga kuchuluka. Kuchepa koyamba akhoza zimachitika kuchepa mphamvu ya Popanga madzi a gamma cheza lapadziko ndi kuwonjezeka - dziko.

magwero X-ray danga ali motere:

• nyenyezi gulu;
• Seyfert nyenyezi;
• dzuwa;
• nyenyezi;
• quasars;
• mabowo wakuda;
• supernova zotsala;
• woyera atumiki;
• nyenyezi mdima ndi ena.

Umboni cheza zimenezi, mwachitsanzo, kuti akule dziko ray mwamphamvu anati mu dziko pambuyo ndimakwiya. Koma nyenyezi wathu si gawo lochititsa yaikulu kwa kamwazi okwana, monga Kusiyana kwake tsiku ndi ochepa kwambiri.

Awiri mitundu ya matabwa

cheza dziko anawagawa pulayimale ndi sekondale. Cheza si kucheza ndi vuto mu mlengalenga kapena hydrosphere lithosphere a Dziko Lapansi, wotchedwa choyambirira. Amakhala mapulotoni (≈ 85%) ndi alpha-particles (≈ 14%), ndi laling'ono kwambiri utuluke (<1%) mtima ankawonjezereka. Secondary dziko X ray, magwero cheza omwe - ndi cheza pulayimale ndi mlengalenga zigwirizana particles subatomic monga pions, muons ndi ma elekitironi. Pa mlingo nyanja, pafupifupi onse cheza anaona limapangidwa sekondale dziko cheza 68% ya limene likuwerengedwa kwa muons ndi 30% - ndi ma elekitironi. Zosakwana 1% ya otaya pa mlingo nyanja tichipeza mapulotoni.

Pulayimale cheza dziko amakonda kukhala chopambana kayendedwe mphamvu. Iwo ndithu mlandu ndi kupeza mphamvu chifukwa mathamangitsidwe mu mphamvu ya maginito. Mu zingalowe m'malo mwa malo mlandu particles kupulumuka kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo kuyenda kwa zaka mamiliyoni kuwala. Pa ulendowu, iwo kupeza mkulu kayendedwe mphamvu ya dongosolo la 2-30 GeV (1 GeV = September ¹⁰ EV). particles aliyense ali ndi mphamvu 10 ¹⁰ GeV.

The zopatsa mphamvu ya kuwala yaikulu dziko kuwalola wogawikana ndi kugunda kwa maatomu mu m'mlengalenga. Pamodzi ndi neutrons, mapulotoni, ndi tinthu subatomic akhoza kupangidwa zinthu mbandakucha monga wa hydrogen, helium, ndi beryllium. Muons nthawi mlandu, ndipo mofulumira kuwola mu ma elekitironi kapena positrons.

chishango maginito

Mphamvu ya kuwala kwa dziko ndi likutukuka zikuchepa kukwaniritsa pazipita pafupifupi 20 Km. 20 Km pamwamba pa mlengalenga (50 km), kukula amachepetsa.

chitsanzo Ichi ndi chifukwa kuchuluka kupanga cheza sekondale ndi kuwonjezeka mpweya osalimba. Pa okwera 20 Km mbali yaikulu ya cheza lalikulu adalowa mogwirizana ndi mwamphamvu kuchepetsa 20 Km mlingo nyanja amasonyeza kutengedwa ya sekondale matabwa m'mlengalenga, pafupifupi 10-mita madzi wosanjikiza.

The cheza mwamphamvu ndi anafotokozanso kuti Latitude. Pa yemweyo okwera ukuwonjezeka dziko otaya ku equator kuti Latitude 50-60 ° ndi sichitha kwa mizati. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a maginito a Dziko Lapansi ndi kufalitsa mphamvu cheza chachikulu. mizere maginito mphamvu kupitirira mlengalenga zambiri ikufanana ndi padziko lapansi pa equator ndi perpendicular kwa mizati. particles mlandu mosavuta kusuntha pamodzi mizere maginito, koma ndi vuto kugonjetsa malangizo ake yopingasa. Kuyambira mitengo 60 °, pafupifupi onse ndi cheza chachikulu chikufika m'mlengalenga, ndi pa equator yekha particles ndi mphamvu choposa 15 GeV, amatha kulowa kudzera chishango maginito.

owonjezera a X-ray

Chifukwa cha zimene zimachitika kunyezimira dziko ndi nkhani mosalekeza opangidwa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa radionuclides. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi makombo, koma ena a iwo anapanga ndi kutsegula maatomu khola ndi neutrons ndi muons. Natural yopanga radionuclides mu mlengalenga limafanana ndi mphamvu cheza dziko pa okwera ndi kumpoto. 70% ya iwo zimachitika stratosphere, ndi 30% - mu troposphere lapansi.

Kupatula H-3 ndi C-14, radionuclides amakhala mu woipa ochepa. Tritium wasukuluka ndi kusakaniza ndi madzi ndi H 2, ndi C-14 Chili ndi mpweya kupanga NKHA _2, amene wothira mpweya woipa mlengalenga. Kaboni 14 akulowa chomera umene timapuma.

cheza a Dziko Lapansi

Wa radionuclides ambiri amene anaumba dziko lapansi, ochepa okha ndi theka moyo motalika kokwanira kufotokoza moyo wawo panopa. Ngati lathuli linapangidwa biliyoni 6 zapitazo, iwo kukhala zedi zoyezeka, kungafune theka moyo kwa zaka pafupifupi 100 miliyoni. Wa radionuclides chachikulu, amene adakali angapezeke zitatu zimenezi n'zofunika kwambiri. X-ray gwero ndi K-40, U-238 ndi Th-232. Ureniamu ndi thorium kuwola unyolo, aliyense mankhwala mawonekedwe amene ali pafupifupi nthawi zonse mu kukhalapo kwa isotope pachiyambi. Ngakhale ambiri radionuclides mwana kutha, iwo ali ofala chilengedwe, chifukwa nthawi zonse anapanga kuchokera precursors yaitali kochepa.

Other yaitali yaitali choyambirira magwero X-ray Mwachidule, ali woipa kwambiri. Izi RB 87, La-138, CE 142, SM 147, Lu-176, ndi zina zotero. D. Mwachibadwa zikuchitika neutrons kupanga radionuclides ena ambiri, koma maganizo awo ndi zambiri otsika kwambiri. Mu ntchito Oklo ku Gabon, Africa, inali umboni kuti kuli "riyakitala chachibadwidwe" imene zochita nyukiliya zimachitika. Zikutha m'mayiko U-235 ndi kukhalapo kwa mankhwala fission mu madipoziti wolemera ureniamu, kusonyeza kuti pa 2 biliyoni zaka zapitazo zinachitika zokha hule unyolo anachita.

Ngakhale kuti radionuclides choyambirira ndi ubiquitous, maganizo awo zimadalira malo. The mosungiramo chachikulu cha mpweya wa poizoni zachilengedwe ndi lithosphere. Komanso mkati lithosphere izo zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri. Nthawi kugwirizana ndi mitundu ina ya mankhwala ndi mchere, nthawi zina - makamaka regionally, ndi malumikizanidwe pang'ono ndi mitundu ya miyala ndi mchere.

Kufalitsa radionuclides pulayimale ndi zinthu zawo mwana wamkazi mu m'chilengedwe zachilengedwe kumatengera zifukwa zambiri, monga katundu mankhwala nuclides, pakhala zifukwa thupi la topezeka kudera, komanso makhalidwe thupi ndi zachilengedwe a nyama ndi zomera. Weathering a miyala, mosungiramo yaikulu amapereka nthaka U, Th ndi K. Th ndi U kuwola mankhwala mukumwa mbali mu pulogalamuyi. Nthaka K, Ra, U pang'ono, ndipo Th kwenikweni chosakanikirana ndi zomera. Iwo ntchito potaziyamu 40 komanso khola ndi K. Analandira, U-238 kuwola mankhwala, ntchito zomera, osati chifukwa ndi isotope, ndipo kuyambira ndi mankhwala ofanana ndi calcium. Mayamwidwe ureniamu ndi thorium zomera kawirikawiri amakhala aang'ono, kuyambira radionuclides zimenezi nthawi zambiri insoluble.

radon

Chofunika kwambiri m'mabuku onse a zachilengedwe mchitidwe cheza ndi zoipa ndi odorless, mpweya wosaoneka, lomwe nthawi 8 yolemera kuposa mpweya, radon. Amakhala isotopes ziwiri zikuluzikulu - radon-222, mmodzi wa mankhwala oipa a U-238 ndi Radon-220, popangidwa ndi oipa a Th-232.

Miyala, nthaka, zomera, nyama zimatulutsa radon m'mlengalenga. mpweya ndi mankhwala a oipa a Analandira, ndi kutulutsa m'nkhaniyo aliwonse ndi bwino. Popeza radon - inert gasi, angathe olekanitsidwa pamalo anakumana ndi mlengalenga. Kuchuluka kwa radon, omwe umachokera ku misa opatsidwa thanthwe zimadalira kuchuluka kwa rediamu ndi padziko dera. Ang'onoang'ono mtundu, m'pamenenso akhoza kumasula radon. RN ndende mu mlengalenga pafupi zipangizo radiysoderzhaschimi ndi amadalira mathamangidwe mpweya. Mu zapansi, m'mapanga ndi mabomba, omwe osauka makope mpweya, anthu ambiri radon angafikire mulingo kwambiri.

RN msanga amaola ndipo ndipamene mndandanda wa radionuclides mwana wamkazi. Pambuyo mapangidwe mumlengalenga mankhwala radon kuwola likugwirizana ndi particles ka fumbi, zomwe zikukhazikitsa pa nthaka ndi zomera, ndipo Mpweya ndi nyama. Mvula makamaka bwino mwayeretsa mpweya ku zinthu nyukiliya, koma kugunda ndi mafunsidwe a particles aerosol zimalimbikitsanso mafunsidwe awo.

Mu nyengo kotentha, anthu ambiri radon m'nyumba pafupifupi za 5-10 nthawi kuposa panja.

Pazaka makumi angapo, munthu "chongopeka" opangidwa radionuclides mazana angapo X-ray cheza magwero, katundu ndi ntchito amene ntchito mankhwala, nkhondo, mphamvu za, ndi zipangizo kwa kufufuza mchere.

Zotsatira aliyense magwero cheza opangidwa zosiyana kwambiri. anthu ambiri mlingo wochepa wa poizoni yokumba, koma ena - ambiri zikwi ndi cheza cha zinthu zachilengedwe. magwero opangidwa ndi bwino ankalamulira kuposa achilengedwe.

magwero X-ray mankhwala

The mafakitale ndi mankhwala ntchito, monga ulamuliro, chokha choyera radionuclides, zomwe zimatithandiza chizindikiritso cha njira kutayikira ku malo osungira ndi ndondomeko nazo.

ofunsira cheza mankhwala ambiri ndipo akhoza zingakhale kukhudzanso. Izi zikuphatikizapo magwero X-ray ntchito mankhwala:

• diagnostics;
• mankhwala;
• njira mawunikidwe;
• AKUYENDA.

Ntchito matenda monga magwero payekha, komanso zosiyanasiyana tracers nyukiliya. zipatala zambiri kusiyanitsa ntchito monga Radiology ndi mankhwala nyukiliya.

Ndi X-ray chubu gwero la ionizing cheza? Yopangidwa tomography ndi fluoroscopy - odziwika bwino njira yodziwira imene ipangidwa ndi izo. Komanso, mu radiography zachipatala, pali ambiri ofunsira isotope magwero kuphatikizapo Popanga madzi a gamma ndi beta, ndi magwero experimental nyutironi kwa nthawi imene X-ray makina ndi yosayenerera, cholakwika, kapena Zitha kukhala zowopsa. Ku maganizo a zachilengedwe, X-ray cheza si owopsa bola ngati magwero ake akhale mlandu kuwataya bwino. Chikutanthauza zinthu nkhani Analandira, radon ndi masingano radiysoderzhaschih mankhwala luminescent si zolimbikitsa.

magwero X-ray pamaziko ⁹⁰ SR kapena ¹⁴⁷ masana ambiri ntchito. Zikamera wa ²⁵² CF monga kunyamula nyutironi jenereta nyutironi radiography anapanga m'zinenero, ngakhale ambiri, njira imeneyi akadali kwambiri amadalira kupezeka kwa nyukiliya.

mankhwala nyukiliya

Kuopsa yaikulu ya zingakhudzire chilengedwe ndi radioisotope zolemba mankhwala nyukiliya ndi X-ray magwero. Zitsanzo osafunika zotsatira izi:

• walitsa wa wodwalayo;
• padzuwa la ogwira ntchito m'chipatala;
• walitsa pamene amakasiya asatayike nyukiliya;
• amadza mu kupanga ndondomeko;
• mmene zinyansi nyukiliya.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa pakhala chizolowezi kuchepetsa padzuwa la odwala chiyambi cha isotopes yochepa ankakhala pang'ono kwambiri lolunjika ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala zambiri kwambiri m'madera ena.

Ang'onoang'ono theka moyo amachepetsa chikoka cha zinyalala za nyukiliya chakuti ambiri zinthu yaitali yaitali ndi linanena bungwe kudzera impso.

Zikuoneka kuti zimakhudza chilengedwe kudzera dongosolo sewerage sikudalira ngati wodwalayo kuchipatala kapena ankachitira pa outpatient maziko. Ngakhale kuti mpweya zinthu nyukiliya angakhale yochepa, tingati chokhala kwambiri kuposa mlingo wa kuwononga zomera zonse mphamvu za nyukiliya pamodzi.

The radionuclides zambiri ntchito mankhwala - magwero X-ray:

• ^99m TC - kuyang'ana chigaza ndi ubongo oziziritsa magazi Jambulani, mtima, chiwindi, m'mapapo, chithokomiro England, placental kutanthauzira;
• ¹³¹ Ine - magazi, chiwindi jambulani, placental kutanthauzira, kuyang'ana ndi mankhwala a chithokomiro;
• ⁵¹ Kr - motsimikiza nthawi ya kukhalapo kwa maselo ofiira kapena sequestration, magazi buku;
• ⁵⁷ Co - Schilling chitsanzo;
• ³² P - metastasized kwa fupa.

Ponseponse ntchito kusanthula radioimmunoassay njira cheza cha mkodzo ndi njira zina zofufuzira ntchito zaikidwa mankhwala organic kwambiri adakula ntchito yokonzekera madzi-scintillation. Organic njira phosphorous zambiri zochokera toluene kapena xylene, zimapanga buku mwachilungamo lalikulu zinyalala madzi organic zimene ziyenera kutayidwa. Processing mu madzi mawonekedwe, ndi zingakhale zovulaza zachilengedwe zosavomerezeka. Pachifukwa ichi, zokonda zapatsidwa kuwononga moto.

Popeza kuleza ankakhala ³ H kapena ¹⁴ C ndi mosavuta sungunuka chilengedwe, zotsatira zawo zili zosiyanasiyana zachilendo. Koma zotsatira chokhala angakhale wodalirika.

ntchito ndi dokotala wina wa radionuclides - kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire nyukiliyazo basi mphamvu pacemakers. Zikwi za anthu ali moyo lero zikomo chakuti zipangizozi kuthandiza ntchito mitima yawo. magwero losindikizidwa ²³⁸ Pu (150 GBq) opaleshoni anapatsa mu odwala.

Industrial X-ray cheza: magwero, katundu ndi ntchito

Medicine - si malo okha amene anapezeka ntchito gawo ili la sipekitiramu mu atomu. A mbali yaikulu ya chilengedwe cheza opangidwa ntchito radioisotopes mafakitale ndi magwero X-ray. Zitsanzo za ntchito iyi:

• mafakitale radiography;
• cheza muyeso;
• utsi zoyesera;
• kudziletsa wowala zipangizo;
• X-ray crystallography;
• Zitsulo zofufuzira zidazo kuti kufufuza katundu ndi kuchita kumanja;
• X-ray lasers;
• synchrotrons;
• cyclotrons.

Popeza ambiri ofunsira izi idzagwiritsa ntchito isotopes encapsulated, walitsa chikuchitika pa mayendedwe a, kutengerapo, kukonza ndi magwiritsidwe.

Ndi X-ray chubu gwero la ionizing cheza makampani? Inde, ntchito si zowononga machitidwe ndege kulamulira, mu galasi kafukufuku, katundu ndi nyumba, mafakitale anayendera. M'zaka khumi zapitazi, mlingo wa poizoni kukhudzana mu sayansi ndi makampani afika mtengo theka la chizindikiro ichi mankhwala; Choncho, chopereka kwambiri.

Encapsulated magwero X-ray okha kwenikweni. Koma mayendedwe awo ndi kutaya modetsa nkhawa pamene iwo akutayika kapena mwangozi kuponyedwa dustbin lapansi. Mabuku X-ray zambiri amaperekedwa ndi kuika mu zimbale awiri losindikizidwa kapena zonenepa. makapisozi ndi unapangidwa zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo ndi amafunika kuyendera zodziwitsa kwa kuchucha. Yobwezeretsanso akhoza kukhala ndi vuto. magwero sakhalitsa akhoza kupulumutsa ndi kuvunda, koma ngakhale mu nkhani iyi, iwo ayenera awapatsa n'komwe, ndi otsala nkhani yogwira ayenera kutayidwa mu malo chiphatso. Apo ayi, makapisozi ayenera anatumiza kwa mabungwe apadera. makulidwe awo Mzimuyo kukula kwa nkhani yogwira ndi X-ray gwero gawo.

Kosunga magwero X-ray

A vuto kukula ndi decommissioning otetezedwa ndi decontamination malo mafakitale kumene zipangizo nyukiliya zasungidwa m'mbuyomu. Kwenikweni izo poyamba anamanga mabizinezi kwa processing zipangizo nyukiliya, koma ayenera kukhala mbali ya mafakitale ena, monga mafakitale kwa yopanga tritium zizindikiro kudziletsa wowala.

A vuto wapadera ndi kuleza ankakhala magwero otsika mlingo omwe inafalitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, ²⁴¹ Am ntchito zoyesera utsi. Kuwonjezera radon ndicho X-ray magwero kunyumba. Aliyense payekha, musati angabweretse choopsa chilichonse, koma ambiri a iwo akhoza kukhala ndi vuto m'tsogolo.

mabomba a nyukiliya

Pa zaka 50 zapitazi, aliyense chinaperekedwa ku zochita za kutentha kwa fallout nyukiliya chifukwa cha zida kuyezetsa nyukiliya. Iwo peaked mu zaka 1954-1958 ndi 1961-1962.

Mu 1963, mayiko atatu (USSR, USA ndi Great Britain) anasaina pangano pa chiletso tsankho mayeso nyukiliya mu mlengalenga, nyanja ndi mlengalenga. M'zaka ziwiri zikubwerazi, France ndi China anachita ziyeso laling'ono kwambiri, zomwe unatha mu 1980. mayesero Mobisa adakali imachitika, koma iwo samasankha chifukwa mpweya.

Nyukiliya kuipitsidwa pambuyo mayesero mumlengalenga kugwa pafupi malo kuphulika lapansi. Mwa zina, kukhalabe troposphere ndi akutsatiridwa ndi mphepo pa dziko lonse lapansi pa ufulu chomwecho. Monga ife kusuntha, iwo agwa pansi, kukhala kwa mwezi umodzi mu mlengalenga. Koma mbali yabwino akankhidwira mu stratosphere, kumene kuipitsa chopereka miyezi yambiri, ndipo anatsitsanso pang'onopang'ono kudutsa dziko.

The fallout zikuphatikizapo mazana radionuclides osiyana, koma ochepa okha a iwo amatha kuchita pa thupi la munthu, kotero kukula ndi ochepa kwambiri, ndi kuvunda mofulumira. C-14, CS 137, Zr 95 ndi SR-90 ndi lofunika kwambiri.

Zr 95 ali ndi theka moyo wa masiku 64, ndi CS 137 ndi SR-90 - zaka pafupifupi 30. Only kaboni 14 ndi moyo theka la zaka 5730 adzakhalabe yogwira m'tsogolo.

mphamvu nyukiliya

mphamvu nyukiliya ndi maganizo ambiri a zinthu zonse zopangidwa cheza, koma chopereka ochepa omwe amadza pa thanzi la munthu. Pa ntchito yachibadwa maofesi a nyukiliya zimatulutsa mu malo a pang'ono cheza. Pa February 2016, panali 442 zikugwira ntchito makina amene yapachiweniweni nyukiliya ku mayiko 31, ndipo ina 66 ndi tikukonza. Izi ndi mbali yokhayo ya mkombero kupanga mafuta nyukiliya. Zikuyamba ndi kupanga ndi umapezeka ureniamu miyalayo ndipo amawapatsa yonama ya mafuta nyukiliya. Pambuyo ntchito zomera mphamvu mabatire nthawi zina kukonzedwa kwa ayambe ureniamu ndi nyukiliyazo basi. Pomaliza, vuto umatha ndi kutaya zinyalala nyukiliya. Nthaŵi iliyonse siteji ya dongosolo akhoza kutayikira zinthu nyukiliya.

Pafupifupi theka la kupanga dziko la ureniamu miyala amachokera ku dzenje lotseguka, theka lina - m'migodi ndi. Izo zinali ndiye kuuluka mu mphero pafupi yotulutsa yambiri zinyalala - mamiliyoni matani. zinyalala adakali nyukiliya kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri pambuyo kampani mabasi ntchito yake, ngakhale kuti umuna cheza ndi kagawo kakang'ono kwambiri mwa maziko achilengedwe.

Kenako, ureniamu adziwonetsa mafuta ndi zina processing ndi kuyeretsedwa pa akupanga mphero. njira zimenezi zimachititsa kuti mpweya ndi madzi, koma ndi zochepa kwambiri kusiyana pamisinkhu zina za kayendedwe ka mafuta.