Chemical mchitidwe fluoro: valence katundu khalidwe

Fluorine (F) - ndi zotakasika kwambiri mankhwala amafotokozera ndi zovuta halogen gulu 17 (VIIa) ku gome nthawi. Izi khalidwe fluorine chifukwa umatha kukopa ma elekitironi (amafotokozera kwambiri electronegative) ndi kukula ka maatomu ake.

History of anapeza

The fluorine munali mchere fluorspar limafotokonzera 1529 ndi German sing'anga ndi mineralogist Georgiem Agrikoloy. Zikuoneka kuti asidi hydrofluoric anali woyamba zopezera zosadziwika English glassmaker 1720 GA 1771 mu Swedish sayansi Carl Wilhelm Scheele analandira yosakongola asidi hydrofluoric pansi Kutentha fluorspar ndi moyikirapo sulfuric asidi mu retort galasi, amene kwakukulukulu zacita pansi zochita za mankhwala chifukwa . Choncho, zatsopano wotsatira, ziwiya ndi opangidwa ndi zitsulo. Pafupifupi asidi anhydrous chinapezeka mu chaka 1809, patatha zaka ziwiri ndi French sayansi André-Marie Ampère ankaganiza kuti pawiri wa hydrogen ndi chinthu chosadziwika, analogous chlorine, chomwe, okonza dzina kuchokera Greek fluoro φθόριος, «kusokonezeka». Fluorspar anatembenuka kashiamu fluoride.

Fluoride kumasulidwa anali mmodzi wa mavuto aakulu sanathetsedwe zimapangidwira zochita kupanga mpaka 1886, pamene French sayansi Anri Muassan anali amafotokozera ndi electrolysis ya njira ya hydrofluoride potaziyamu mu fluoride wa hydrogen. Pakuti mu 1906, analandira Nobel Prize. Vuto polimbana ndi mchitidwe uwu ndi katundu poizoni anathandiza fluorine pang'onopang'ono patsogolo m'munda wa kapangidwe ka mchitidwe uwu. Mpaka Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World anali zasayansi chidwi. Ndiye Komabe, ntchito ureniamu hexafluoride mu kulekana kwa isotopes ureniamu, pamodzi ndi kuwonjezeka mu malonda mankhwala organic wa amafotokozera, kupanga izo mankhwala kuti umapindulitsa kwambiri.

kuwanda

The fluorine munali fluorspar (fluorspar, CaF ₂₎ kwa zaka ntchito kukhala kamwazi (kuyeretsa wothandizila) mu ndondomeko zitsulo. Maminolo pambuyo pake gwero la mchitidwe umene unalinso dzina lake Fluor. Colorless mandala timibulu fluorite pansi zounikira ndi kulocha bluish. katundu Ichi chikudziwika ngati kuwala.

Fluoro - mfundo amapezeka mu chikhalidwe kokha mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala zake, kupatula zochepa kwambiri ufulu amafotokozera mu fluorspar, Analandira poyera kuti poizoniyu. mchitidwe zili mu kutumphuka pafupifupi 0,065%. Mfundo zikuluzikulu fluoride mchere fluorspar, cryolite (Na ₃ AlF _6), fluorapatite (Ca ₅ [PO _{4] 3} [F, CL]), topazi (Al ₂ SiO ₄ [F, HA] ₂₎ ndipo lepidolite.

Thupi ndi mankhwala zimatha fluorine

Firiji, fluorine mpweya ndi wotumbululuka chikasu ndi fungo akutivutitsa. Inhalation ya zoopsa zake. Pa yozizira inasanduka madzi chikasu. Pali m'modzi yekha khola isotope wa zinthu mankhwala - fluoro 19.

Woyamba ionization mphamvu ya halogen mkulu kwambiri (402 kcal / mol), chimene chiri muyezo kutentha cation mapangidwe F ⁺ 420 kcal / mol.

Kukula yaing'ono ya mchitidwe atomu akhoza akomere kuchuluka kwawo ndi lalikulu padziko atomu chapakati kupanga kuchuluka kwa maofesi khola Mwachitsanzo, hexafluorosilicate (SiF ₆₎ ^2- geksaftoralyuminata ndi (AlF ₆₎ ^3-. Fluoro - mfundo ali wamphamvu oxidizing katundu. Palibe chinthu winayo oxidized fluoride anion, likukhalira ku chinthu free, ndipo pachifukwa ichi katunduyo si mu mkhalidwe ufulu m'chilengedwe. Mkhalidwe umenewu wa fluorine kwa zaka zoposa 150 saloledwa kuti izo ndi njira mankhwala aliwonse. Izi zinali zotheka pogwiritsa ntchito electrolysis. Komabe, 1986 sayansi American Karl Krayst anati za loyamba "mankhwala" kupeza fluoride. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito K ₂ MnF _6, ndi antimony pentafluoride (SbF _5), sipangakhalenso kuwapeza njira HF.

Fluoro: valence ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma

Chipolopolo kunja lili ndi unpaired elekitironi halogens. Ndicho chifukwa valence wa fluorine mu mankhwala ndi wofanana ndi munthu. Komabe, VIIa gulu mchitidwe maatomu angadwale chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi kwa valency 7. Zolemba fluorine ndi uliri makutidwe ndi okosijeni wofanana -1. Mchitidwe si mwayi valence chigoba chake, popeza atomu olumikizidwa ku makina D-yozungulira. Other halogen-free zikomo pamaso zake zingakhale valence wa ku 7.

Mkulu makutidwe ndi okosijeni mphamvu mchitidwe walola kuti tikwaniritse apamwamba zotheka makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la zinthu zina. Fluoro (valence I) akhoza kupanga pawiri, zomwe kulibe kapena halide ina: difluoride siliva (AgF _2), cobalt trifluoride (CoF ₃₎ heptafluoride rhenium (ReF ₇₎ pentafluoride bromine (BrF ₅₎ ndi ayodini heptafluoride (NGATI _7).

kugwirizana

Chilinganizo fluorine (F ₂₎ wapangidwa ndi ma atomu aŵiri a chinthu ichi. Iye akhoza kulowa mogwirizana ndi zinthu zina zonse kupatula helium ndi Neon, kupanga amaayoni kapena covalent fluorides. Ena zitsulo monga faifi tambala, mofulumira ataphimbidwa ndi wosanjikiza halogen, kuteteza kulankhulana ndi mchitidwe zitsulo. Ena zitsulo youma monga chitsulo wofatsa, mkuwa, zitsulo zotayidwa, kapena Monel (faifi tambala 66% ndi 31,5% aloyi mkuwa) Kodi samva pa kutentha wamba ndi fluorine. Ntchito ndi mchitidwe pa kutentha kwa 600 ° C ndi oyenera monel; Sintered aluminiyamu ndi wolimba 700. ° C.

mafuta Fluorocarbon ndi lubricants abwino kwambiri. Mchitidwe amachitira nkhanza ndi zipangizo organic (mwachitsanzo, labala nkhuni ndi nsalu) kotero ankalamulira fluorination mankhwala organic elemental fluorine Zimatheka pamene kulabadira wapadera.

kupanga

Fluorspar ndi ndiwo fluoride. Kupanga fluoride wa hydrogen (HF) ndi otchezedwa ku fluorspar ufa ndi moyikirapo sulfuric asidi mu amodzi kutsogolera kapena chitsulo anaponyedwa. Pa distillation anapanga kashiamu sulphate (CaSO _4), ndi insoluble HF. The fluoride wa hydrogen analandira mu boma mokwanira anhydrous ndi fractional distillation mu zotengera zamkuwa kapena zitsulo ndi kusungidwa mu zonenepa zitsulo. zosafunika Common mu fluoride wa hydrogen malonda ndi sulfurous ndi sulfuric acid ndi asidi fluorosilicic (H ₂ SiF ₆₎ anapanga chifukwa kukhalapo kwa silika mu fluorspar lapansi. Kuda chinyezi akhoza kuchotsedwa mwa electrolysis ntchito maelekitirodi pulatinamu ndi chithandizo ndi fluorine elemental, kapena kasungidwe pa mphamvu Lewis asidi (MF _5, mmene M - zitsulo) zomwe akhoza kupanga salt (H ₃ O) ⁺ (MF ₆₎ ^- H ₂ O + SbF ₅ + HF → (H ₃ O) ⁺ (SbF ₆₎ ^-.

The fluoride wa hydrogen ntchito yokonza zosiyanasiyana mafakitale organic ndi zochita kupanga mankhwala fluorine, mwachitsanzo, natriyftoridalyuminiya (Na ₃ AlF ₆₎ amagwira ntchito ngati electrolyte mu yadothi zitsulo zotayidwa. A njira ya fluoride wa hydrogen mafuta madzi anati kwa asidi hydrofluoric, wambirimbiri zitsulo ponena kuyeretsa ndi kupukuta galasi kapena yopatsa Chifunga kuti etching ake.

Kukonzekera selo ufulu pogwiritsa ntchito njira electrolytic pakalibe madzi. Kawirikawiri ali mu mawonekedwe a fluoride potaziyamu kusungunula electrolysis a fluoride wa hydrogen (mu chiŵerengero cha 2.5-5 1) pa kutentha kwa 30-70, 80-120 kapena 250 ° C. Pa ndondomeko zili fluoride wa hydrogen mu electrolyte ndi yafupika, ndi kumakula limatsogolera kutentha. Choncho, m'pofunika kuti Kuwonjezera ake zinachitika mosalekeza. Mu kutentha electrolyte chipinda m'malo pamene kutentha kuposa 300 ° C. Fluorine akhoza bwinobwino kusungidwa opanikizika mu zonenepa zosapanga dzimbiri, ngati yamphamvu vavu ufulu wa kuda zinthu organic.

ntchito

Mchitidwe ntchito kutulutsa zosiyanasiyana fluoride monga chlorine trifluoride (ClF _3), sulfure hexafluoride (SF ₆₎ kapena cobalt trifluoride (CoF _3). Mankhwala mankhwala ndi cobalt ndi zofunika wothandizila fluorinating mankhwala organic. (Ndi kusamalitsa yoyenera mwachindunji fluorine angagwiritsidwe ntchito Mwaichi). Sulfa hexafluoride ntchito monga dielectric gaseous.

The fluorine elemental kuchepetsedwa ndi asafe zambiri amachitira ndi chimasanduka kupanga fluorocarbons lolingana imene gawo kapena onse a haidrojini ndi ayamba halogen. The mankhwala chifukwa zambiri yodziwika ndi kukhazikika mkulu, mankhwala inertness, mkulu magetsi kukana, komanso lofunika zina thupi ndi mankhwala.

Fluorination akhoza kukhala ndi chithandizo cha mankhwala organic a cobalt trifluoride (CoF ₃₎ electrolysis kapena njira zake mu fluoride wa hydrogen anhydrous. mapulasitiki zothandiza ndi katundu sanali ndodo, monga polytetrafluoroethylene [(CF ₂ CF _{2) x],} wodziwika malonda monga Teflon, opangidwa kuchokera chimasanduka unsaturated fluorinated.

mankhwala Organic munali chlorine, bromine kapena ayodini, ndi fluorinated kutulutsa zinthu monga dichlorodifluoromethane (cl ₂ CF ₂₎ refrigerant, amene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito refrigerators banja conditioners mpweya. Popeza chlorofluorocarbons, monga dichlorodifluoromethane, akamachita mu zikutha m'mayiko wosanjikiza Mpweya umene ndi kupangidwa ndi ntchito okhawo, ndipo tsopano refrigerant adalipo munali hydrofluorocarbons.

Amafotokozera amagwiritsidwanso ntchito yopangira ureniamu hexafluoride (UF ₆₎ ntchito gaseous mayamwidwe ndondomeko kulekanitsa ureniamu-235 kuchokera ureniamu-238 mu kupanga mafuta nyukiliya. fluoride hydrogen ndi boron trifluoride (BF ₃₎ amapangidwa pamlingo mafakitale, popeza catalysts zabwino zosiyanasiyana alkylation ntchito yokonzekera mankhwala ambiri organic. Sodium fluoride kawirikawiri anawonjezera kuti madzi akumwa kuti kuchepetsa kufala kwa caries mano ana. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ntchito yofunika kwambiri anapeza fluoride m'minda ulimi mankhwala ndi. Kusankha m'malo fluorine kwambiri kusintha katundu kwachilengedwenso zinthu.

kusanthula

N'zovuta molondola kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala halogen. Free fluoride, umene uli wofanana ndi valence wa 1, zikhoza kuonedwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Mercury Hg + F ₂ → HgF _2, ndi kuyeza kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwa Mercury ndi kusintha buku la mpweya. Waukulu Mkhalidwe mayesero pamaso pa ayoni a amafotokozera ndi:

• kusankha fluoride wa hydrogen pansi zochita za chidulo cha safuriki,
• mapangidwe precipitate a fluoride kashiamu powonjezera kashiamu kolorayidi njira,
• yellow discoloration tetraoxide yankho la titaniyamu (TiO ₄₎ ndi wa hydrogen peroxide kwa asidi sulfuric.

kusanthula njira kachulukidwe:

• mpweya wa kashiamu fluoride pamaso pa carbonate soda ndi sludge mankhwala ntchito asidi acetic,
• depositing chlorofluoride kutsogolera powonjezera sodium kolorayidi ndi nitrate patsogolo,
• titration (motsimikiza ndende ya mankhwala kusungunuka) ndi yankho la thorium nitrate (Th [NO _{3] 4)} ntchito ndi sodium alizarinsulfonate monga chizindikiro: Th (NO _{3) 4} + 4KF ↔ ThF ₄ + 4KNO _3.

Covalently angongole fluorine (valence I), monga fluorocarbons yosanthula zovuta. Izi zimafunika kugwirizana ndi sodium wochuluka zachitsulo, kenako Kupenda F ^- ayoni monga tafotokozazi.

katundu amafotokozera

Potsiriza, ife zinthu zina zimatha fluorine:

• Atomic number: 9.
• Atomiki kulemera: 18,9984.
• N'zotheka fluorine valency: 1.
• Limatsogolera mfundo: -219,62 ° C.
• Kuwira mfundo: -188 ° C.
• Kachulukidwe (1 ATM, 0 ° C): 1.696 g / L.
• Pakompyuta fluorine chilinganizo: 1s 2s ^{2 2 5} _2p.